Anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer
Open accessAbstract
Highlights Caregivers tend to experience symptoms of overburden due to the informal nature of their work and lack of preparation for the physical and emotional challenges of caring for terminally ill patients. Anxiety and depression in caregivers can negatively impact areas of their lives, such as relationships, socialization, and work performance, especially for those who are employed as caregivers. Supporting the use of technologies among caregivers is essential to promote care access to information on guidelines for providing care. Mental health programs led by interdisciplinary teams are relevant to supporting family caregivers of terminally ill patients. Introduction: Palliative care has recently gained importance in the context of life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, that affect the mental health of patients and their caregivers. Psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, are the most prevalent in this population. Objective: To determine the association between anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational design was used. A total of 190 primary caregivers recruited from Colombian hospitals and home care programs participated. The Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness-Family Carer (QOLLTI-FT) questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. The analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 26.0, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The predominant sex was female, and the level of education was high school. The mean age of the caregivers was 44.15 years, and the mean age of the patients was 64.51 years. The average time as a caregiver was 33.79 ± 64.77 months. The results show correlations between anxiety and caregiver status (p≤0.000), anxiety and ICT use (p≤0.006). There were also correlations between anxiety, quality of life, and caregiver status (p≤0.000) and between depression and total quality of life (p≤0.001). Discussion: Correlations were also found between depression and quality of life and between hours of daily care and the level of dependency of the cancer patient. This entails the need to manage the psychological symptoms as soon as the family member is diagnosed to prevent alterations in their quality of life that could affect their well-being. Conclusion: Caregivers with moderate or severe depression were more likely to report symptoms of sadness, punishment feelings, self-dislike, suicidal thoughts or wishes, indecisiveness, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue. Among caregivers with mild depression, loss of interest in sex, agitation, and past failure were identified. Strategies for psycho-emotional counseling, education, and support for caregivers are needed. How to cite this article: Alvarado García Alejandra María, Vargas-Escobar Lina María, Arias-Rojas Mauricio, Avendaño-Vásquez Carlos Javier, Consuegra-Pareja Cesar Antonio. Anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer. Revista Cuidarte. 2025;16(1):e3670. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3670
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This descriptive correlational study of 190 Colombian family caregivers of palliative care cancer patients found that anxiety and depression were associated with poorer quality of life, especially caregiver status and total QOL. Most caregivers had mild symptoms, but 22 had moderate-to-severe anxiety and 44 had moderate-to-severe depression.
Key findings
- Among 190 caregivers, 147 (77.4%) were female; mean caregiver age was 44.15 years, mean patient age was 64.51 years, and average time as caregiver was 33.79 ± 64.77 months.
- Anxiety symptoms were moderate in 14 caregivers and severe in 8; depression was mild in 34, moderate in 19, and severe in 25.
- QOLLTI-F total mean score was 114.42 ± 20.88; below-average scores were found for the patient condition dimension and borderline scores for the caregiver’s state dimension.
- Significant associations included anxiety with caregiver status (p≤0.000), anxiety with ICT use (p≤0.006), anxiety with quality of life and caregiver status (p≤0.000), and depression with total quality of life (p≤0.001). Depression was significantly associated with most QOL dimensions except patient condition.
Methods
- Quantitative, descriptive, correlational study conducted January–August 2023 with 190 primary family caregivers over 18 years old of cancer patients without curative treatment options, recruited from inpatient or community-based palliative care teams in Bogotá, Medellín, Valledupar, and Cali, Colombia, using convenience sampling.
- Measures included a sociodemographic form, QOLLTI-F for caregiver quality of life, BDI-II for depression, and BAI for anxiety.
- Data were analyzed in SPSS Statistics 26.0 using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, and Pearson’s chi-square tests.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section.
- Stated in the methods: participants were selected using convenience sampling.
- Evident from the text: the descriptive correlational design cannot establish causality, and the sample drawn from four Colombian cities and specific palliative care programs may limit generalizability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
9 of 14 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Several studies indicate the prevalence of mental disorders in cancer patients' caregivers that interfere with their self-care.
“Several studies indicate the prevalence of mental disorders in cancer patients’ caregivers that interfere with their self-care7,8.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] 7. Baudry AS, Vanlemmens L, Anota A, Cortot A, Piessen G, Christophe V. Profiles of caregivers most at risk of having unmet supportive care needs: Recommendations for healthcare professionals in oncology. Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 2019;43:101669. 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.010 31610470 Baudry AS Vanlemmens L Anota A Cortot A Piessen G Christophe V Profiles of caregivers most at risk of having unmet supportive care needs: Recommendations for healthcare professionals in oncology Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs. 2019 43 101669 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.010 31610470 source
The Introduction reports that studies found substantial rates of anxiety and depression symptoms among cancer caregivers. The discussion says those symptoms may prevent caregivers from seeking supportive care, but it does not establish that diagnosed mental disorders interfere with self-care as a fact. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [8] 8. Tay DL, Reblin M, Iacob E, Cloyes KG, Thomas Hebdon MC, Reynaga M, et al. Cancer Hospice Caregivers' Self-care Behaviors: The Role of Caregiving Tasks, Burden, and Mental Health. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2023;25(5):286-295. 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000962 PMC10524198 37347956 Tay DL Reblin M Iacob E Cloyes KG Thomas Hebdon MC Reynaga M Cancer Hospice Caregivers' Self-care Behaviors: The Role of Caregiving Tasks, Burden, and Mental Health. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2023 25 5 286 295 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000962 37347956 PMC10524198 source
The Abstract reports that better mental health was associated with more time for exercise and rest among cancer hospice family caregivers, supporting a link between mental health and self-care. The Mental Health methods section says the study measured mental-health scores, not diagnoses; it does not report the prevalence of mental disorders or establish that they caused self-care difficulties. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Family caregivers assume caregiving activities for the person with cancer as a result of shifts in care settings.
“These changes have resulted in family caregivers assuming caregiving activities for the person with cancer5”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. Kent EE, Rowland JH, Northouse L, Litzelman K, Chou WYS, Shelburne N, et al. Caring for Caregivers and Patients: Research and Clinical Priorities for Informal Cancer Caregiving. Cancer. 2016;122(13):1987–1995. 10.1002/cncr.29939 PMC5597246 26991807 Kent EE Rowland JH Northouse L Litzelman K Chou WYS Shelburne N Caring for Caregivers and Patients: Research and Clinical Priorities for Informal Cancer Caregiving Cancer 2016 122 13 1987 1995 10.1002/cncr.29939 26991807 PMC5597246 source
- Premisecitation
e-Health interventions did not significantly reduce caregiver burden.
“However, it is important to note that these interventions did not significantly reduce the caregiver burden26,27.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] 26. Li Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Hu X. The effectiveness of e-Health interventions on caregiver burden, depression, and quality of life in informal caregivers of patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;127:104179. 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104179 35124473 Li Y Li J Zhang Y Ding Y Hu X The effectiveness of e-Health interventions on caregiver burden, depression, and quality of life in informal caregivers of patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022 127 source
- cites [27] 27. Darley A, Coughlan B, Furlong E. People with cancer and their family caregivers' personal experience of using supportive eHealth technology: A narrative review. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021;54:102030. 10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102030 34531122 Darley A Coughlan B Furlong E People with cancer and their family caregivers' personal experience of using supportive eHealth technology: A narrative review. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021 54 102030 10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102030 34531122 source
The review’s §4.2 (page unavailable) says it is unclear whether eHealth technology can address family caregivers’ potential burden. It does not report a statistical test or conclude that interventions failed to significantly reduce caregiver burden. Searches for significant reduction and caregiver-burden outcomes found no such result in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
77.4% of caregivers are satisfied with the religious dimension.
“It should be noted that although 31.9% of caregivers have a defined religious practice and 77.4% are satisfied with this dimension, there is a significant percentage of dissatisfaction, which is striking when we consider that religious practice and the exercise of spirituality are considered factors that help to overcome negative aspects corresponding to the psychological dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The caregivers' perspective domain of quality of life differed significantly across depression severity groups (medians 28.00, 27.00, 20.00, 16.00; p<0.001).
“| Caregivers' perspective | 28.00 | 13-30 | 27.00 | 13-30 | 20.00 | 14-30 | 16.00 | 11-25 | <0.001 |”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Among caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer, median QOLLTI-F total quality-of-life score was lower with greater depression severity (121.00 minimal, 114.50 mild, 96.00 moderate, 88.00 severe; p<0.001).
“| QOLLTI- total | 121.00 | 68-160 | 114.50 | 68-145 | 96.00 | 84-132 | 88.00 | 49-109 | <0.001 |”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Depression is associated with total quality of life (p≤0.001).
“There were also correlations between anxiety, quality of life, and caregiver status (p≤0.000) and between depression and total quality of life (p≤0.001).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“statistically significant differences were found between the levels of depression and most of the caregivers' quality of life dimensions except for the patient's condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
31.9% of caregivers have a defined religious practice.
“It should be noted that although 31.9% of caregivers have a defined religious practice and 77.4% are satisfied with this dimension, there is a significant percentage of dissatisfaction, which is striking when we consider that religious practice and the exercise of spirituality are considered factors that help to overcome negative aspects corresponding to the psychological dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Pessimism, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, self-criticalness, crying, loss of interest, worthlessness, loss of energy, and changes in sleeping patterns were symptoms present in all three classification groups of depression.
“Pessimism, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, self-criticalness, crying, loss of interest, worthlessness, loss of energy, and changes in sleeping patterns were symptoms present in all three classification groups of depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among caregivers with mild depression, loss of interest in sex, agitation, and past failure were identified as common symptoms.
“Among caregivers with mild depression, loss of interest in sex, agitation, and past failure were identified as common symptoms.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion: · plain
“Among caregivers with mild depression, loss of interest in sex, agitation, and past failure were identified.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion: · plain
- Findingown data
44 caregivers have moderate or severe depression.
“Similarly, regarding depression scores, the majority of caregivers have mild depression; however, 44 caregivers have moderate or severe depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The patient's condition domain of quality of life did not differ significantly across depression severity groups (medians 3.00, 4.50, 3.00, 3.00; p=0.09).
“| Patient's condition | 3.00 | 0-10 | 4.50 | 0-10 | 3.00 | 0-9 | 3.00 | 0-4 | 0.09 |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Caregivers with moderate or severe depression were more likely to report symptoms of sadness, punishment feelings, self-dislike, suicidal thoughts or wishes, indecisiveness, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue.
“In addition, caregivers with moderate or severe depression were more likely to report symptoms of sadness, punishment feelings, self-dislike, suicidal thoughts or wishes, indecisiveness, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion: · hedged
“Caregivers with moderate or severe depression were more likely to report symptoms of sadness, punishment feelings, self-dislike, suicidal thoughts or wishes, indecisiveness, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, and tiredness or fatigue.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Conclusion: · hedged
- Findingown data
The mean QOLLTI-F total score was 114.42 (SD 20.88, 95% CI 111.43-117.41).
“| QOLLTI-F Total | 114.42 | 20.88 | 111.43 – 117.41 | 0.75 |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
Supports identified by caregivers, such as healthcare professionals, family members, and social institutions, are perceived as insufficient to meet the needs of caregivers of people with cancer.
“Similarly, other supports identified by caregivers, such as healthcare professionals, family members, and social institutions, are perceived as insufficient to meet the needs of caregivers of people with cancer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The quality of care domain of quality of life differed significantly across depression severity groups (medians 19.00, 18.00, 15.00, 13.00; p<0.001).
“| Quality of care | 19.00 | 2-70 | 18.00 | 9-20 | 15.00 | 8-20 | 13.00 | 12-18 | <0.001 |”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The most prominent depressive symptoms among caregivers are sadness, pessimism about the future, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, lack of self-confidence, self-criticalness, crying, lack of interest, indecisiveness, loss of energy, sleep problems, irritability, lack of appetite, tiredness and fatigue, and loss of interest in sex.
“The most prominent symptoms are related to sadness, pessimism about the future, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, lack of self-confidence, self-criticalness, crying, lack of interest, indecisiveness, loss of energy, sleep problems, irritability, lack of appetite, tiredness and fatigue, and loss of interest in sex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Common symptoms among caregivers with moderate anxiety include feeling hot, fear of the worst happening, being terrified or afraid, nervousness, fear of losing control, and faint or lightheadedness.
“Feeling hot, fear of the worst happening, being terrified or afraid, nervousness, fear of losing control, and faint or lightheadedness were common symptoms among caregivers with moderate anxiety.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The majority of the caregiver population belongs to the low and lower-middle socioeconomic strata.
“The majority of this population belongs to the low and lower-middle socioeconomic strata, which limits their ability to care for themselves and their families due to the limited availability of resources.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The caregivers are required to provide care for 12 hours per day.
“As in other studies, the caregivers have no experience or training in caregiving, are required to provide care for 12 hours per day, and most (although not all) have provided care for between 13 and more than 37 months, similar to what was reported in Ahmad Zubaidi et al.’s review18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The relationships domain of quality of life differed significantly across depression severity groups (medians 18.00, 17.00, 17.00, 16.00; p=0.010).
“| Relationships | 18.00 | 1-20 | 17.00 | 5-20 | 17.00 | 10-20 | 16.00 | 10-19 | 0.010 |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A significant percentage of caregivers are dissatisfied with the religious dimension.
“It should be noted that although 31.9% of caregivers have a defined religious practice and 77.4% are satisfied with this dimension, there is a significant percentage of dissatisfaction, which is striking when we consider that religious practice and the exercise of spirituality are considered factors that help to overcome negative aspects corresponding to the psychological dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
22 caregivers had moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (14 moderate, 8 severe).
“Regarding anxiety symptoms, 22 caregivers were found to have moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (14 and 8, respectively).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The majority of caregivers have mild depression.
“Similarly, regarding depression scores, the majority of caregivers have mild depression; however, 44 caregivers have moderate or severe depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The environment domain of quality of life differed significantly across depression severity groups among caregivers (medians 17.00, 15.00, 14.00, 13.00; p<0.001).
“| Environment | 17.00 | 2-20 | 15.00 | 1-20 | 14.00 | 8-20 | 13.00 | 5-19 | <0.001 |”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
22 caregivers have moderate or severe anxiety.
“In terms of anxiety, although scores are reported to be low, 22 caregivers have moderate or severe anxiety; some may be related to uncertainty about the future, as evidenced by anxiety, nervousness, and fear of losing control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The caregiver status domain of quality of life differed significantly across depression severity groups (medians 41.00, 34.50, 31.00, 29.00; p<0.001).
“| Caregiver status | 41.00 | 19-60 | 34.50 | 22-55 | 31.00 | 15-46 | 29.00 | 0-42 | <0.001 |”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher scores for moderate or severe depression were identified for the quality of life dimensions of environment, quality of care, and relationships.
“Higher scores for the manifestation of moderate or severe depression were identified for the dimensions of environment, quality of care, and relationship (Tables 4 and 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The internal consistency for the total QOLLTI-F scale domains in this sample was 0.75.
“The internal consistency for the total scale domains was 0.75 (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
These depressive symptoms in caregivers are related to caregiver burden.
“These symptoms are related to the caregiver burden, which Guerrero-Gaviria et al.23 defined as a set of physical, psychological, and socioeconomic problems caused by the caregiving role that alters multiple aspects of daily life, such as interpersonal relationships, caregiving skills, emotional balance, and personal aspirations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
- May combine two claims. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCommon feelings among caregivers include anxiety, distress, and depression, as well as changes in roles at home, school, or work.
“Common feelings among caregivers include anxiety, distress, and depression9,10, as well as changes in roles at home, school, or work11.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [9] 9. Concepción AA, Puello AE, Valencia JN. Características psicoafectivas y sobrecarga de los cuidadores informales de pacientes oncológicos terminales en Montería, Colombia. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2020;46(1):e1463. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662020000100010&lng=es. Concepción AA Puello AE Valencia JN Características psicoafectivas y sobrecarga de los cuidadores informales de pacientes oncológicos terminales en Montería, Colombia Rev Cubana Salud Pública 2020 46 1 e1463 http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662020000100010&lng=es.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10] 10. Guerra-Martín MD, Casado-Espinosa MDR, Gavira-López Y, Holgado-Castro C, López-Latorre I, Borrallo-Riego Á. Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023;20(2):1570. 10.3390/ijerph20021570 PMC9863368 36674325 Guerra-Martín MD Casado-Espinosa MDR Gavira-López Y Holgado-Castro C Latorre I Borrallo-Riego Á Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023 20 2 1570 10.3390/ijerph20021570 36674325 PMC9863368 source
The Results (section 3.2.2; page unavailable) identify anxiety, distress, and depression among caregivers of adults with cancer. They also describe difficulty reconciling caregiving with daily activities and deteriorating working conditions, but do not address changes in school roles. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [11] 11. Sun V, Raz DJ, Kim JY. Caring for the informal cancer caregiver. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2019;13(3):238–242. 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000438 PMC6669089 31157656 Sun V Raz DJ Kim JY Caring for the informal cancer caregiver. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2019 13 3 238 242 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000438 31157656 PMC6669089 source
The sections on informal caregivers of older adults with cancer and on caregiver–patient outcomes report caregiver distress, depression, and anxiety. The Introduction describes caregiving as demanding, but our copy does not substantiate changes in roles at home, school, or work. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdvances in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care have improved patient survival and shifted care from highly complex institutions to outpatient centers or patients' homes.
“Advances in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care have improved patient survival and shifted care from highly complex institutions to outpatient centers or patients’ homes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. Kent EE, Rowland JH, Northouse L, Litzelman K, Chou WYS, Shelburne N, et al. Caring for Caregivers and Patients: Research and Clinical Priorities for Informal Cancer Caregiving. Cancer. 2016;122(13):1987–1995. 10.1002/cncr.29939 PMC5597246 26991807 Kent EE Rowland JH Northouse L Litzelman K Chou WYS Shelburne N Caring for Caregivers and Patients: Research and Clinical Priorities for Informal Cancer Caregiving Cancer 2016 122 13 1987 1995 10.1002/cncr.29939 26991807 PMC5597246 source
The Introduction’s “Distinguishing Features of Informal Caregiving in the Cancer Context” section says cancer care is moving from tertiary or inpatient centers toward outpatient and community-based centers or home care. It also notes a growing number of people living long-term after cancer diagnosis, but does not attribute improved survival or the shift in care setting to advances in diagnosis, treatment, and palliative care. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFamily caregivers of cancer patients experience changes in their daily roles and feel overburdened, which negatively affects their health and quality of life.
“experiencing changes in their daily roles, and feeling overburdened, which negatively affects their health and quality of life6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Akter J, Konlan KD, Nesa M, Ispriantari A. Factors influencing cancer patients’ caregivers’ burden and quality of life: An integrative review. Heliyon. 2023;9(11):e21243. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21243 PMC10643105 38027739 Akter J Konlan KD Nesa M Ispriantari A Factors influencing cancer patients’ caregivers’ burden and quality of life: An integrative review Heliyon 2023 9 11 e21243 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21243 38027739 PMC10643105 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationReligious practice and the exercise of spirituality are considered factors that help to overcome negative aspects corresponding to the psychological dimension.
“It should be noted that although 31.9% of caregivers have a defined religious practice and 77.4% are satisfied with this dimension, there is a significant percentage of dissatisfaction, which is striking when we consider that religious practice and the exercise of spirituality are considered factors that help to overcome negative aspects corresponding to the psychological dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] 19. Asano R, Kellogg A, Sulmasy D, Anderson KM, Nolan MT. Religious Involvement, Depressive Symptoms, and Burden in Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2021;23(3):271-276. 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000754 PMC8095715 33911059 Asano R Kellogg A Sulmasy D Anderson KM Nolan MT Religious Involvement, Depressive Symptoms, and Burden in Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2021 23 3 271 276 10.1097/NJH.0000000000000754 33911059 PMC8095715 source
May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenFamily caregivers of people with cancer in the study are mostly women caring for their parent, sibling, or spouse with cancer.
“Family caregivers of people with cancer in the study are mostly women who are caring for their parent, sibling, or spouse with cancer.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBelow-average scores were found for the patient condition dimension and borderline scores for the caregiver's state dimension.
“Below-average scores were found for the patient condition dimension and borderline scores for the caregiver’s state dimension.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataProtective factors identified in this study include a high level of education, average use of ICT, and sharing caregiving responsibilities.
“Protective factors identified in this study include a high level of education, average use of ICT, and sharing caregiving responsibilities, which nursing and interdisciplinary teams should consider.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataDepression is associated with average level of ICT use, with middle ICT proficiency being a risk factor (p=0.02).
“As for depression, the number of hours of daily care, the patient’s level of dependency, and the average level of ICT use were identified as risk factors, with these variables showing statistically significant differences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMost caregivers exhibited mild levels of depression and anxiety, while some experienced moderate to severe symptoms.
“While most caregivers exhibited mild levels of depression and anxiety, some experienced moderate to severe symptoms, potentially leading to caregiver overburden and negatively affecting their quality of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataFor depression, elementary school education and not being a sole caregiver are protective factors.
“The level of education and not being a sole caregiver were identified as protective factors with statistically significant differences for depression (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataCaregivers with severe anxiety reported physical symptoms such as feeling hot, wobbliness in legs, heart pounding/racing, dizziness, feeling of choking, indigestion, and hot/cold sweats, as well as fear of the worst happening, unsteadiness, being terrified or afraid, nervousness, shaky/unsteady, fear of losing control, and inability to relax.
“Caregivers with severe anxiety reported physical symptoms such as feeling hot, wobbliness in legs, heart pounding/racing, dizziness, feeling of choking, indigestion, and hot/cold sweats. In addition, symptoms include fear of the worst happening, unsteadiness, being terrified or afraid, nervousness, shaky/unsteady, fear of losing control, and inability to relax.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBivariate and multivariate analyses show that anxiety is associated with the caregiver's state and that caregiver depression can affect all dimensions of the caregiver's quality of life.
“Bivariate and multivariate analyses confirm how anxiety is associated with the caregiver’s state and how caregiver depression can affect all dimensions of the caregiver’s quality of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe caregivers have no experience or training in caregiving.
“As in other studies, the caregivers have no experience or training in caregiving, are required to provide care for 12 hours per day, and most (although not all) have provided care for between 13 and more than 37 months, similar to what was reported in Ahmad Zubaidi et al.’s review18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationMost caregivers have provided care for between 13 and more than 37 months.
“As in other studies, the caregivers have no experience or training in caregiving, are required to provide care for 12 hours per day, and most (although not all) have provided care for between 13 and more than 37 months, similar to what was reported in Ahmad Zubaidi et al.’s review18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAnxiety is associated with level of ICT proficiency, with non-use of ICT being a risk factor (p=0.006).
“statistically significant differences were found between anxiety and level of ICT proficiency, with non-use of ICT being a risk factor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data34 caregivers had mild depression, 19 had moderate depression, and 25 had severe depression.
“Regarding symptoms of depression, 34 caregivers were found to have mild depression, 19 had moderate depression, and 25 had severe depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataHours of daily caregiving and the patient's level of dependency are associated with depression.
“As for depression, the number of hours of daily care, the patient’s level of dependency, and the average level of ICT use were identified as risk factors, with these variables showing statistically significant differences.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion: · plain
“Correlations were also found between depression and quality of life and between hours of daily care and the level of dependency of the cancer patient.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion: · plain
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAnxiety is associated with the caregiver status dimension of quality of life (p≤0.000).
“The results show correlations between anxiety and caregiver status (p≤0.000)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe characteristics of family caregivers of people with cancer align with previous studies: the majority are middle-aged women who provide over 12 hours of care daily to their partner or parent, often for more than a year.
“The characteristics of family caregivers of people with cancer align with those reported in previous studies: the majority are middle-aged women who provide over 12 hours of care daily to their partner or parent, often for more than a year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe BDI-II has excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 in the Colombian population.
“This inventory had excellent internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91 in the Colombian population13.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Maldonado-Avendaño N, Castro-Osorio R, Cardona-Gómez P. Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) en población universitaria colombiana. RCP. 2021;51(1):S51-S59. 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.08.007 Maldonado-Avendaño N Castro-Osorio R Cardona-Gómez P Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) en población universitaria colombiana. RCP. 2021 51 1 S51 S59 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.08.007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe Latin American-Spanish version of the QOLLTI-F has an internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82.
“The scale has an internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82 for the Latin American-Spanish version15.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Cohen R, Leis AM, Kuhl D, Charbonneau C, Ritvo P, Ashbury FD. QOLLTI-F: measuring family carer quality of life. Palliat Med. 2006;20(8):755–6714. 10.1177/0269216306072764 17148530 Cohen R Leis AM Kuhl D Charbonneau C Ritvo P Ashbury FD QOLLTI-F: measuring family carer quality of life. Palliat Med. 2006 20 8 755 6714 10.1177/0269216306072764 17148530 source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningModerate to severe symptoms in caregivers potentially lead to caregiver overburden and negatively affect their quality of life.
“While most caregivers exhibited mild levels of depression and anxiety, some experienced moderate to severe symptoms, potentially leading to caregiver overburden and negatively affecting their quality of life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe BAI has been validated in Spanish and shows a unidimensional structure and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.94.
“This scale has been validated in Spanish and shows a unidimensional structure and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.9413.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [13] 13. Maldonado-Avendaño N, Castro-Osorio R, Cardona-Gómez P. Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) en población universitaria colombiana. RCP. 2021;51(1):S51-S59. 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.08.007 Maldonado-Avendaño N Castro-Osorio R Cardona-Gómez P Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) en población universitaria colombiana. RCP. 2021 51 1 S51 S59 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.08.007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe number of hours of care, the level of dependency, and the level of ICT proficiency are risk factors for the occurrence of depression in caregivers.
“Likewise, it is also important to mention how the number of hours of care, the level of dependency, and the level of ICT proficiency become risk factors for the occurrence of depression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningNon-use of ICT by caregivers may be related to anxiety.
“It is also important to mention how non-use of ICT by caregivers may be related to anxiety, something relevant considering that much of the information about caring for a family member with cancer is obtained primarily through the Internet or by calling peer caregivers or healthcare professionals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Cancer care focuses primarily on the patient's needs and the instructions healthcare professionals provide to caregivers for home care.
“In most cases, cancer care focuses primarily on the patient’s needs and the instructions healthcare professionals provide to caregivers for home care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little to no specific attention is given to caregivers despite the emotional and physical burden they bear.
“However, little to no specific attention is given to the caregivers despite the emotional and physical burden they bear.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Sole-caregiver depression prevalence ratio is reversed
MajorDepression prevalence is 49.60% among those who are not sole caregivers and 28.60% among sole caregivers. The ratio for the displayed No-versus-Yes comparison is 1.73, not 0.46, reversing the stated protective association.
Reported 0.46 · recomputed 1.734266
“| No | 17 (15.00) | 96 (85.00) | 2.31 (0.89 - 6.01) | | 56 (49.60) | 57 (50.40) | 0.46 (0.23 - 0.92) | | | Yes | 5 (6.50) | 72 (93.50) | 1 | | 22 (28.60) | 55 (71.40) | 1 | |”
Depression counts for 8-12 hours of care do not fit the group size
MinorTable 3 lists 34 caregivers without depression in the 8-12-hour group. That is 72.34% of the 47 caregivers in this group, not the reported 51.10%; the depression and no-depression counts sum to 57.
Reported 51.1 · recomputed 72.340426
“| 8-12 hours | 7 (14.90) | 40 (85.10) | 1.27 (0.52 - 3.07) | 0.59 | 23 (48.90) | 34 (51.10) | 1.72 (1.15 - 2.56) | <0.005 |”
Incorrect percentage for the middle socioeconomic group
MinorEight of the 20 caregivers in the middle socioeconomic group were without depression, which is 40%, not 840%.
Reported 840 · recomputed 40
“| Middle | 1 (5.00) | 19 (95.00) | 1 | | 12 (60.00) | 8 (840.00) | 0.77 (0.48 - 1.22) | 0.29 |”
8-12-hour caregiving depression ratio does not match prevalences
MinorUsing the displayed depression prevalences, the ratio for 8-12 hours versus more than 12 hours is about 1.58, not 1.72. The count inconsistency in the same row is a separate problem.
Reported 1.72 · recomputed 1.582524
“| 8-12 hours | 7 (14.90) | 40 (85.10) | 1.27 (0.52 - 3.07) | 0.59 | 23 (48.90) | 34 (51.10) | 1.72 (1.15 - 2.56) | <0.005 | | >12 hours | 11 (11.70) | 83 (88.30) | 1 | | 29 (30.90) | 65 (69.10) | 1 | |”
Mild depression is described as the majority category
MinorThe discussion says the majority have mild depression, but Table 5 lists 34 caregivers with mild depression and 112 with minimal depression. Mild depression is not the majority category.
“Similarly, regarding depression scores, the majority of caregivers have mild depression; however, 44 caregivers have moderate or severe depression.”
“| | Minimal depression n=112 Median | Minimal depression n=112 Min-max | Mild depression n=34 Median | Mild depression n=34 Min-max | Moderate depression n=19 Median | Moderate depression n=19 Min-max | Severe depression n=25 Median | Severe depression n=25 Min-max | p-value |”
Quality-of-care maximum differs between Tables 4 and 5
MinorTable 5 reports a quality-of-care maximum of 70 for caregivers with minimal depression. Table 4 gives a maximum of 20 in every anxiety group, which together cover the same 190 caregivers.
“| Quality of care | 19.00 | 2-70 | 18.00 | 9-20 | 15.00 | 8-20 | 13.00 | 12-18 | <0.001 |”
“| Quality of care | 18.00 | 2-20 | 18.50 | 10-20 | 15.50 | 9-20 | 0.26 |”
Caregiving for at least 13 months is incorrectly described as most caregivers
MinorThe discussion says most caregivers had provided care for 13 months or longer. Table 1 places 47 caregivers in the 13-36-month group and 44 in the over-37-month group: 91 of 190, fewer than half.
“most (although not all) have provided care for between 13 and more than 37 months”
“| 13-36 | 47 (24.70) | | > 37 | 44 (23.20) |”
Age-group counts differ between Tables 1 and 3
MinorTable 1 reports 47 caregivers under 30, while the anxiety counts for that age group in Table 3 total 50. The counts for the other age groups also differ between the tables.
“| < 30 years | 47 (24.70) | | 31 - 43 years | 50 (26.30) | | 44 - 56 years | 47 (24.70) | | > 57 years | 46 (24.20) |”
“| < 30 years | 7 (14.00) | 43 (86.00) | 1.09 (0.39 - 3.02) | 0.85 | 17 (34.00) | 33 (66.00) | 0.72 (0.44 - 1.11) | 0.19 |”
After-diagnosis caregiving depression ratio does not match prevalences
MinorThe displayed depression prevalences are 21.20% for No and 45.20% for Yes. Their No-versus-Yes ratio is about 0.47, rather than the reported 1.20.
Reported 1.2 · recomputed 0.469027
“| No | 4 (12.10) | 29 (87.90) | 1.05 (0.38 - 2.92) | | 7 (21.20) | 26 (78.80) | 1.20 (0.28 - 5.02) | | | Yes | 18 (11.50) | 139 (88.50) | 1 | | 71 (45.20) | 86 (54.80) | 1 | |”
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Molassiotis, A., & Wang, M. (2022) · Current Treatment Options in Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11864-022-00955-3 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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“Data were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel database and then analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26.”
QOLLTI-F: measuring family carer quality of life.
Cohen, R., Leis, A. M., Kuhl, D., Charbonneau, C., Ritvo, P., & Ashbury, F. D. (2006) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216306072764 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Caring for the informal cancer caregiver.
Sun, V., Raz, D. J., & Kim, J. Y. (2019) · Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1097/spc.0000000000000438 · Cited by 125 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Common feelings among caregivers include anxiety, distress, and depression 9,10 , as well as changes in roles at home, school, or work 11 .”
Ahmad Zubaidi, Z. S., Ariffin, F., Oun, C. T. C., & Katiman, D. (2020) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-020-00691-1 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Literature Review
Guerra-Martín, M. D., Casado-Espinosa, M. D. R., Gavira-López, Y., Holgado-Castro, C., López-Latorre, I., & Borrallo-Riego, Á. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021570 · Cited by 80 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Along the same line, the review by Guerra-Martín et al. 10 found that the more extended care was needed over time, the greater the tension and emotional burden of caregivers, resulting in poorer quality of life.”
Chakraborty, R., Jana, A., & Vibhute, V. M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14880-5 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Factors influencing cancer patients’ caregivers’ burden and quality of life: An integrative review
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Darley, A., Coughlan, B., & Furlong, E. (2021) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2021.102030 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“However, it is important to note that these interventions did not significantly reduce the caregiver burden 26,27.”
Baudry, A.-S., Vanlemmens, L., Anota, A., Cortot, A., Piessen, G., & Christophe, V. (2019) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2019.09.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fauziah, W., Kato, M. K., Shogenji, M., Tsujiguchi, H., & TANIGUCHI, Y. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000515 · Cited by 28 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Chakraborty et al. 21 and Fauziah et al. 22 found similar symptoms in caregivers participating in their respective studies.”
Unmet Needs and Caregiver Burden Among Family Caregivers of Hospice Patients in South Korea
Lee, J., & Cha, C. (2017) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000000350 · Cited by 24 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Lee et al.’s study 24 shows a positive correlation between unmet needs and the burden of care.”
Comfort Needs of Cancer Family Caregivers in Outpatient Palliative Care
Washington, K. T., Benson, J. J., Chakurian, D., Popejoy, L., Demiris, G., Rolbiecki, A. J., & Oliver, D. P. (2021) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000000744 · Cited by 18 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Similar results were reported in the study by Washington et al. 25 , which described the comfort needs of family caregivers of outpatient cancer patients, such as understanding, self-efficacy, meaning-making, informal support, formal support, resources, and self-care, all of which correspond to…”
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“This situation was also found in the study by Asano et al. 19 , where negative religious coping was associated with greater depressive symptoms, and many of the caregivers who experienced depression had it mitigated by positive religious coping.”
Sobrecarga del cuidador familiar en Colombia: revisión sistemática exploratoria
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“These symptoms are related to the caregiver burden, which Guerrero-Gaviria et al. 23 defined as a set of physical, psychological, and socioeconomic problems caused by the caregiving role that alters multiple aspects of daily life, such as interpersonal relationships, caregiving skills, emotional…”
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Anxiety, depression, and quality of life of caregivers of palliative care patients with cancer
Garcia, A. M. A. (2024) · Mendeley Data · doi:10.17632/ww5ks7g7mb.1
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [9]9. Concepción AA, Puello AE, Valencia JN. Características psicoafectivas y sobrecarga de los cuidadores informales de pacientes oncológicos terminales en Montería, Colombia. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2020;46(1):e1463. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662020000100010&lng=es. Concepción AA Puello AE Valencia JN Características psicoafectivas y sobrecarga de los cuidadores informales de pacientes oncológicos terminales en Montería, Colombia Rev Cubana Salud Pública 2020 46 1 e1463 http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662020000100010&lng=es.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Çoşkun, S., & Cerit, B. (2026) · Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.34108/eujhs.1663787
- Authors
- Alvarado García, A. M., Vargas-Escobar, L. M., Arias-Rojas, M., Avendaño-Vásquez, C. J., & Consuegra-Pareja, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad El Bosque (CO)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Revista Cuidarte
- Publisher
- Universidad de Santander - UDES
- Published
- 2025-02-25
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e3670-e3670
- ISSN
- 2216-0973 (ISSN-L)
- 2346-3414
- PMC
- PMC12161892
- OpenAlex
- W4408054830
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Revista CUIDARTE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative and Oncologic Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Keywords
- family caregivers, palliative care, cancer, caregiver anxiety, caregiver depression, quality of life, caregiver burden, ICT use, mental health support, home care, patient dependency, psychological well-being
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-14.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-14.
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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