Efficacy of EEG neurofeedback in psychiatry: A comprehensive overview and meta-analysis
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The choice of sham-controls allows elucidation of potential specific (non-placebo) effects and addresses concerns about weak methodological designs in neurofeedback trials.
“Our choice of sham-controls allows us to elucidate any potential specific (e.g. non-placebo) effects and addresses widespread concerns of generally weak methodological designs in NFB trials [102, 172–174].”
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“As a guideline, the fail-safe number should be 5k+10 or higher (k=number of studies in a meta-analysis) to rule out a file drawer problem [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialPower failure: why small sample size undermines the reliability of neuroscience
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“Underpowered studies carry the risk of both false positive and negative findings, and are more likely to be affected by publication bias, selective data analysis and selective reporting of outcomes [52].”
BackgroundSonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Brandeis, D., Cortese, S., Daley, D., Ferrin, M., Holtmann, M., Stevenson, J., Danckaerts, M., van der Oord, S., Döpfner, M., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991 · Cited by 1,167 · cited 1× · see citing works
“) [54], the evidence supporting EEG neurofeedback for ADHD is influenced by the (probable) blinded status of the assessor.”
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“A voluminous literature describes the robustness of EEG abnormalities found in a high proportion of psychiatric patients and the clinical implications [2], depending on the psychiatric disorder targeted.”
BackgroundIs neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD? A randomised controlled clinical trial.
Gevensleben, H., Holl, B., Albrecht, B., Vogel, C., Schlamp, D., Kratz, O., Studer, P., Rothenberger, A., Moll, G., & Heinrich, H. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02033.x · Cited by 442 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialFuchs, T. A. E., Birbaumer, N., Lutzenberger, W., Gruzelier, J. H., & Kaiser, J. (2003) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1023/a:1022353731579 · Cited by 426 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialMonastra, V. J., Monastra, D. M., & George, S. M. (2002) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1023/a:1021018700609 · Cited by 346 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Without the outlier study by Monastra [16] (z=2.”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
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“The interest in EEG neurofeedback over the last 30 years can be understood in the light of accumulating research on the electrophysiological basis of various psychiatric disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD…”
BackgroundBiofeedback for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review
Schoenberg, P. L. A., & David, A. S. (2014) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9246-9 · Cited by 248 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The lack of standardization amongst neurofeedback trials is problematic, as also highlighted by Schoenberg & David 2014 [56], with very few trials aiming to replicate previous results.”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial
Bakhshayesh, A., Hänsch, S., Wyschkon, A., Rezai, M. J., & Esser, G. (2011) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0208-y · Cited by 194 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialLinden, M., Habib, T., & Radojevic, V. (1996) · Biofeedback and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/bf02214740 · Cited by 178 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Six studies could not be included as reported data were insufficient to calculate effect sizes [46-50].”
BackgroundIs Alpha Wave Neurofeedback Effective with Randomized Clinical Trials in Depression? A Pilot Study
Choi, S. W., Chi, S. E., Chung, S.-Y., Kim, J. W., Ahn, C. Y., & Kim, H. T. (2010) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000322290 · Cited by 177 · cited 5× · see citing works
“2011 [45] Randomized Open-label Psychotherapy placebo training NF: PPT: 12 11 28.”
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MethodBeauregard, M., & Lévesque, J. (2006) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9001-y · Cited by 153 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Beauregard & Levesque 2006 [18] Randomized Open label Waiting list NF:”
BackgroundInfluentialIn-School Neurofeedback Training for ADHD: Sustained Improvements From a Randomized Control Trial
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effects of QEEG-Informed Neurofeedback in ADHD: An Open-Label Pilot Study
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“[58] found that clinical outcome was improved when personalizing neurofeedback training to the individual qEEG.”
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“Five studies [35-39] were retrieved for ASD, including 130 patients (Table 2).”
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“The single sham-controlled study [39] also showed a large superior effect.”
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“[60], placebo-controlled trials could provide strong evidence for the efficacy of neurofeedback treatment.”
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“[32] found no difference between neurofeedback and stimulant medication therapy (ES 0.”
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“Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Two randomized open-label studies [43-44] were identified, comparing neurofeedback to EMG biofeedback (see Table 3).”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
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“[55] found similar placebo effects when evaluating ADHD symptoms in a student population.”
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“[57], the treatment process and learning of EEG self-regulation should be carefully analysed when investigating the efficacy and specificity of neurofeedback.”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKouijzer, M. E. J., van Schie, H. T., Moor, J. M. H. D., Gerrits, B. J. L., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2009) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.10.007 · Cited by 81 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effectiveness of Neurofeedback and Stimulant Drugs in Treating AD/HD: Part II. Replication
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“Although neurofeedback is non-invasive and side-effects such as headache or fatigue due to the attentional demands are indeed minimal [3], individuals can experience somatic complaints such as nausea, muscle twitches, sleep disturbances, OCD like symptoms, agitation, or even seizure [59].”
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“2) Included patients were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III[-R], DSM-IV[R]) [6,7] or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 or -10) [8].”
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“Six studies could not be included as reported data were insufficient to calculate effect sizes [46-50].”
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“[41] found a large effect for neurofeedback over sham feedback (ES 1.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEEG biofeedback vs. placebo treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A pilot study
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“Six studies could not be included as reported data were insufficient to calculate effect sizes [46-50].”
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“Six studies could not be included as reported data were insufficient to calculate effect sizes [46-50].”
BackgroundBehavioral effects of neurofeedback in adolescents with ADHD: a randomized controlled trial
Bink, M., van Nieuwenhuizen, C., Popma, A., Bongers, I. L., & Boxtel, G. J. M. V. (2014) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0655-3 · Cited by 49 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
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“2014 [24] Randomized Open label Self-management NF: SM: 20b 22b SCP SM 23% medicatedc Cz 30 Inattention CPRS III (PR) -0.”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent Issues in the Use of fMRI-Based Neurofeedback to Relieve Psychiatric Symptoms
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“Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as an alternative technique for neurofeedback protocols [5].”
MethodInfluentialLi, L., Yang, L., Zhuo, C., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2013.13838 · Cited by 28 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialDeng, X., Wang, G., Zhou, L., Zhang, X., Yang, M., Han, G., Tu, Z., & Liu, B. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.214067 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The effect of QEEG- guided neurofeedback treatment in decreasing of OCD symptoms
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“Discussion We included 30 studies with 1171 participants in total, evaluating neurofeedback as a treatment method for ADHD [16-34], autism [35-39], OCD [40-42], GAD [43,44] and depression [45].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Technically, fMRI has more high-quality spatial resolution to localize brain areas but compared with EEG neurofeedback has low temporal resolution and is extremely expensive (Begemann et al., 2016; Sitaram et al., 2017; Thibault et al., 2018).”
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Neurofeedback for ADHD: Exploring the Role of Quantitative EEG and Brainwave Modulation
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- Authors
- J.H. Begemann, M., J.R. Florisse, E., van Lutterveld, R., Kooyman, M., & E. Sommer, I.
- Venue
- Translational Brain Rhythmicity
- Publisher
- Open Access Text Pvt, Ltd.
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2397-8686 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2512241685
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Translational Brain Rhythmicity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- neurofeedback, mental illness, treatment efficacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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