Structural validity and reliability of the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): evidence from a large Brazilian community sample
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OBJECTIVE: Positive and negative affect are the two psychobiological-dispositional dimensions reflecting proneness to positive and negative activation that influence the extent to which individuals experience life events as joyful or as distressful. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a structured questionnaire that provides independent indexes of positive and negative affect. This study aimed to validate a Brazilian interview-version of the PANAS by means of factor and internal consistency analysis. METHODS: A representative community sample of 3,728 individuals residing in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, voluntarily completed the PANAS. Exploratory structural equation model analysis was based on maximum likelihood estimation and reliability was calculated via Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that the PANAS reliably measures two distinct dimensions of positive and negative affect. CONCLUSION: The structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the PANAS are consistent with those of its original version. Taken together, these results attest the validity of the Brazilian adaptation of the instrument.
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The PANAS has good reliability and validity in its English, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and Dutch versions.
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as De Carvalho et al., 2013
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Chiorean, A., Savoy, C. D., Schmidt, L. A., Morrison, K. M., Saigal, S., & Lieshout, R. J. V. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519846769 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ruíz, N. F. O., Gómez, N. N., PÉREZ-GARCÍA, M.-A., & Vicente, J. M. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1717007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Scatterty, K. R., VonStein, D., Prichard, L. B., Franczak, B. C., Hamilton, T. J., & Schmaltz, R. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1729876 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modelo estrutural de internalização e externalização: emergência, validade e utilidade clínica
de Carvalho, H. W., Jorge, M. R., & Lara, D. R. (2014) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2014.4-05 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fortes, A. B., Tractenberg, S. G., & Lisbôa, C. S. D. M. (2022) · Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia · doi:10.12957/epp.2022.66488 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A jógázó nők mentális és testi egészsége a gyakorlási paraméterekkel összefüggésben
Tornóczky, G. J., Bánhidi, M., Karsai, I., Nagy, H., & Rózsa, S. (2023) · Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika · doi:10.1556/0406.2023.00006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Roemer, A., & Medvedev, O. N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_86 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dutra, L. R. D. V., Silva‐Filho, E., Oliveira, M., Tavares, B. N. P., Pegado, R., & Micussi, M. T. A. B. C. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.05.038 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eudaimonia and mindfulness as predictors of alcohol-dependence: a pilot study
George, A. J., John, R., Rajkumar, E., Wajid, M., & Lakshmi, R. (2023) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2157964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Translation and Adaptation of the Social Connectedness Scale to Portuguese
Rabelo, A. L. A., & Pilati, R. (2021) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rebellious yet apathetic: System justification and learned helplessness in collective action
Couto, C., & Pilati, R. (2024) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2024.v56.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Torres-Cruz, M., Moura-Alves, M., Lima, R. P., King, R., dos Santos, C. A., Almeida, T. D. S., Callamari, F. B., Kolchraiber, F. C., Marega, M., Atalla, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1463401 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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The State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity: Further Psychometrics Properties
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Master Turkers: An assessment of data quality
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Using The World as a Stage to Benefit Refugees
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Consumo e felicidade : efeitos do valor informativo e da forma de pagamento
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INDUÇÃO DE HUMOR POR REALIDADE VIRTUAL
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Development and psycholinguistic properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese Affect Scale (EAPB)Preprint
Torres, E. N. L., Silvestrin, M., felix, A., Baradel, R. R., Carthery‐Goulart, M. T., Lukášová, K., & Biazoli, C. E. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/g5vj8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Skúlason, A. G. (2015) · Skemman
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Investigation of the reward value of exercise using discounting paradigm
Albelwi, T. A. (2020)
Ponce-Ochoa, S. N., & Hernández‐Guzmán, L. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
- Authors
- Carvalho, H. W. D., Andreoli, S. B., Lara, D. R., Patrick, C. J., Quintana, M. I., Bressan, R. A., Melo, M. F. D., Mari, J. D. J., & Jorge, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- Universidade Católica de Santos (BR)
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Florida State University (US)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 169-172
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1973909711
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- PANAS, positive affect, negative affect, questionnaire validation, Brazilian adaptation, factor structure, internal consistency, community sample
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Brazil, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Translating, Reproducibility of Results, Likelihood Functions, Young Adult
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