The role of organized civil society in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Media monitoring was infrequent and less systematic.

“Media monitoring was infrequent and less systematic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Prior to Bloomberg funding, few people could dedicate themselves to tobacco control in LAC.

“Prior to Bloomberg funding, few people could dedicate themselves to tobacco control in LAC.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Without the support of public relation firms, press conferences were less successful.

“Without the support of public relation firms, press conferences were less successful.”

May combine two claims.

CLACCTA was dominated by a few individuals, lacked focus on policy priorities, lacked capacity for advocacy and coalition building, and funders lost trust in the group's ability to promote policy change.

“It was dominated by a few individuals--frequently with no institutional backing or authority, lacked focus on policy priorities, lacked capacity for advocacy and coalition building and, most importantly, funders lost trust in the group's ability to promote policy change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Political mapping was amateurish.

“Political mapping was amateurish.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Sometimes the pioneers had significant impact, such as Venezuela's tax increases or Brazil's setting up its National Tobacco Control Program in 1987.

“Sometimes they had significant impact such as Venezuela's tax increases or Brazil's setting up its National Tobacco Control Program in 1987.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In priority countries such as Mexico and Brazil, multiple institutions have received financial resources creating a significant mass with specialized roles, e.g., academic institutions, government and civil society each playing specific roles.

“In priority countries such as Mexico and Brazil, multiple institutions have received financial resources creating a significant mass with specialized roles, e.g., academic institutions, government and civil society each playing specific roles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Most advocates treated tobacco control as a hobby, after seeing patients, teaching classes, or earning a living in some other manner.

“Most advocates treated tobacco control as a hobby, after seeing patients, teaching classes, or earning a living in some other manner.”

May combine two claims.

The IAHF supported shadow reports by civil society in Colombia, Mexico and Peru, resulting in an annual review of the gap between the FCTC requirements and its actual implementation in these countries.

“Following the Canadian model, IAHF supported “shadow reports” by civil society in Colombia, Mexico and Peru, resulting in an annual review of the gap between the FCTC requirements and its actual implementation in these countries (Figure 1 and 2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tobacco control was dominated by physicians and other health professionals.

“Tobacco control was dominated by physicians and other health professionals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over the past few years civil society has developed greatly in Mexico.

“Over the past few years civil society has developed greatly in Mexico.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

ACT Brazil's principal accomplishment over the last several years centers on enactment of 100% smokefree legislation in the States of São Paulo, Parana, Amazonas, Rondonia, Romaima, Paraiba, and Rio de Janeiro, as well as numerous cities and municipalities.

“Its principal accomplishment over the last several years centers on the enactment of 100% smokefree legislation in the States of São Paulo, Parana, Amazonas, Rondonia, Romaima, Paraiba, and Rio de Janeiro, as well as numerous cities and municipalities.”

May combine two claims.

Brazilian civil society has monitored FCTC implementation since 2006, including preparation of shadow reports to delineate gaps in implementation.

“civil society has taken on monitoring the implementation of the FCTC since 2006, which includes preparation of shadow reports to clearly delineate gaps in implementation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Taxation policies have been implemented with some success in Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, and Jamaica.

“Taxation policies have been implemented with some success in Uruguay, Brazil, Mexico, and Jamaica.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The FCTC was approved unanimously by the 56th World Health Assembly in May 2003, entered into force on February 27 2005, and became a major turning point for tobacco control worldwide.

“The FCTC was approved unanimously by the 56 th World Health Assembly in May 2003, entered into force on February 27 2005, and became a major turning point for tobacco control worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The most important accomplishment in tobacco control in Colombia, where civil society had a key role, was the approval of Law 1335 in June 2009.

“The most important accomplishment in tobacco control in Colombia, where civil society had a key role, was the approval of Law 1335 in June 2009.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Numerous civil society organizations in LAC have received, and continue to receive, funding from the tobacco industry without appropriate social sanctions for the contradictory nature of these relationships.

“Numerous civil society organizations in our region have received, and continue to receive, funding from the tobacco industry without appropriate social sanctions for the contradictory nature of these relationships.”

May combine two claims.

BI funding criteria were sometimes at odds with reality, requiring advocates to rush to identify organizations or form new ones where none or weak ones existed.

“Funding criteria were sometimes at odds with reality so that, for example, tobacco control advocates had to rush to identify organizations that might receive funds or form new organizations where none or weak ones existed before.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Those charged with distributing BI funding frequently knew little about the region, its culture, politics, or previous tobacco control leaders.

“Those charged with distributing BI funding frequently knew little about the region, its culture, politics, or those previously leading the tobacco control movement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Bloomberg Philanthropies contributed US$125 million in 2006 and US$250 million in 2008 for tobacco control worldwide.

“The second was the support from the Bloomberg Philanthropies that contributed US$125 million in 2006 and US$250 million in 2008 for tobacco control worldwide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Civil society had a main role in smokefree legislation, making Guatemala and Panama the first two countries of Central America that are 100% smokefree.

“Civil society also had a main role to play in smokefree legislation, making Guatemala and Panama the first two countries of Central America that are 100% smokefree.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bloomberg funding was instrumental in organizing civil society in 4 Caribbean countries around developing strong warning labels for CARICOM countries.

“Bloomberg funding was instrumental in organizing civil society in 4 Caribbean countries around developing strong warning labels for CARICOM countries.”

May combine two claims.

Civil society coalesced into the Colombian Coalition for Tobacco Control in 2008 and led efforts towards strong federal legislation.

“Civil society coalesced into the Colombian Coalition for Tobacco Control in 2008 and led the efforts towards strong federal legislation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

With leadership of all major tobacco control NGOs, more than 300 organizations joined the Coalition for the Ratification of the FCTC, which works closely with the Ministry of Health National Program for Tobacco Control and constructed a strategic plan including advocacy, media campaigns, and public events.

“With the leadership of all major tobacco control NGOs, more than 300 organizations have joined this coalition that is working closely with the Ministry of Health National Program for Tobacco Control and has constructed a strategic plan that includes advocacy, media campaigns and public events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 2008, Panama became the first country of the region to completely ban tobacco products advertising, sponsorship and promotion.

“In 2008, Panama became the first country of the region to completely ban tobacco products advertising, sponsorship and promotion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Civil society worked with Mexico City's Legislative Assembly in 2007-08 to obtain a 100% smokefree law.

“It was also civil society that worked with Mexico City's Legislative Assembly in 2007-08 to obtain a 100% smokefree law.”

May combine two claims.

Argentina's civil society has matured and is increasingly working effectively and collaboratively to counteract the tobacco industry lobby, despite significant obstacles.

“In spite of significant obstacles, Argentina's civil society has matured and is increasingly working effectively and collaboratively to counteract the powerful lobby of the tobacco industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

With BI funding, other funders sometimes decided to take their financial support elsewhere.

“with funding from BI, other funders wonder about their role and sometimes have decided to take their financial support elsewhere.”

May combine two claims.

CTFK and The Union were unknown to LAC tobacco control prior to the BI but took center stage in the region as BI funding became available.

“These two organizations were unknown to LAC in tobacco control prior to the BI but took center stage in the region as the availability of funding attracted many previously uninvolved individuals and organizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pictorial-based health warning labels have been adopted in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

“Pictorial-based health warning labels have been adopted in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Panama, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.”

May combine two claims.

With the creation of a national tobacco control program in 2003, increased participation of state and municipal governments, and stronger civil society, 7 provinces and 20 cities in Argentina have become 100% smokefree, covering more than a third of the population or about 15 million people.

“with the creation of a national program for tobacco control in 2003, the increased participation of state and municipal governments, and the stronger role of civil society, 7 provinces and 20 cities have become 100% smokefree, covering more than a third of the population of the country or about 15 million people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

100% smokefree policies have been implemented at the national level in Colombia, Guatemala, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago, and Uruguay, and at the sub-national level in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.

“Notable examples in four tobacco control policy areas include the implementation of 100% smokefree policies at the national level in Colombia, Guatemala, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago, and Uruguay, and at the sub-national level in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ALIAR, created in 2007 with FIC Argentina as its secretariat, convenes almost 100 organizations to promote smokefree policies through advocacy aimed at political players and media.

“The smokefree coalition ALIAR, created in 2007 with FIC Argentina as its secretariat, convenes almost 100 organizations to promote smokefree policies through advocacy aimed at political players and the media.”

May combine two claims.

Civil society plays five main roles: advocate, coalition builder, provider of evidence-based information, watchdog, and service provider.

“Civil society plays five main roles: advocate, coalition builder, provider of evidence-based information, watchdog, and service provider.[2][3][4]”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [3]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [4]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Civil society has been the engine that has permitted many of the accomplishments seen in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean.

“Civil society has been the engine that has permitted many of the accomplishments seen in tobacco control in Latin America and the Caribbean.”

May combine two claims.

The Framework Convention Alliance in LAC became a significant movement that energized tobacco control and provided much needed training and technical information to advance this cause.

“In LAC, it became a significant movement that energized tobacco control and provided much needed training and technical information to advance this cause.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use have brought about significant change with positive and negative consequences.

“The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use have brought about significant change with positive and negative consequences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In most of these accomplishments, civil society played a significant role and was frequently the motor that energized other institutions to move the tobacco control agenda forward.

“In most of these accomplishments, civil society played a significant role and was frequently the motor that energized other institutions to move the tobacco control agenda forward.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The FCTC in LAC served to focus the work of civil society in tobacco control and spawned a more cohesive and effective movement.

“As elsewhere, the FCTC in LAC served to focus the work of civil society in tobacco control and spawned a more cohesive and effective movement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Monitoring efforts around FCTC implementation had the significant effect of strengthening surveillance mechanisms through the Global Tobacco Surveillance System.

“Monitoring efforts around FCTC implementation had the significant effect of strengthening surveillance mechanisms through the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Two major events changed the rules of the game for civil society: the adoption of the FCTC and the largest influx of resources to date from the Bloomberg Initiative to tobacco control.

“Two major events changed the rules of the game for civil society: the adoption of the FCTC and the largest influx of resources to date from the Bloomberg Initiative (BI) to tobacco control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PAHO's early focus on smokefree environments set the region's civil society organizations on a path to implement smokefree policies.

“Probably its greatest achievement was its early focus on smokefree environments, which set the region civil society organizations on a path to implement smokefree policies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Civil society working in tobacco control has evolved over the years to now become more professionalized.

“Civil society working in tobacco control has evolved over the years to now become more professionalized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Strengthening civil society supports the tobacco control movement and provides competencies that may be used in many ways to promote change in democratic societies.

“Strengthening civil society not only supports the tobacco control movement but it provides competencies that may be used in many ways to promote change in democratic societies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The service provider role frequently tends to overshadow civil society's other roles.

“This service provider role, while important, frequently tends to overshadow its other roles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Countries and other jurisdictions in Latin America and the Caribbean have achieved great progress in implementing effective tobacco control policies over the last 5 years, mostly due to the international momentum created by the WHO FCTC.

“Convenio marCo C ountries and other jurisdictions in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have achieved great progress in implementing effective tobacco control policies over the last 5 years, mostly due to the international momentum created by the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Some of these roles are played weakly by civil society in the region.

“Some of these roles are played weakly by civil society in the region and should be encouraged to support beneficial societal change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Civil society's greatest power comes from its role as advocate, watchdog and provider of evidence-based information.

“However, civil society's greatest power comes from its role as advocate, watchdog and provider of evidence-based information.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The tobacco control movement in LAC, previously based on entrepreneurial spirit and voluntarism, became more bureaucratized.

“A movement that was based on an entrepreneurial spirit and voluntarism has more recently become more bureaucratized.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The tobacco control movement in LAC was based on entrepreneurial spirit and voluntarism before the BI period.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The FCTC preamble cites the special contribution of nongovernmental organizations and other members of civil society to tobacco control efforts and the vital importance of their participation.

“Highlighting the importance of civil society, the FCTC preamble cites “the special contribution of nongovernmental organizations and other members of civil society […] to tobacco control efforts nationally and internationally and the vital importance of their participation in national and international tobacco control efforts.”9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In spite of weaknesses and obstacles, civil society in tobacco control is still at the forefront of chronic disease prevention when compared to efforts to improve diets and increase physical activity.

“In spite of the many weaknesses and obstacles experienced by civil society in tobacco control, it is still at the forefront of chronic disease prevention when compared to efforts to improve diets and increase physical activity.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The examples of civil society achievements selected in the paper are representative of civil society's role in LAC tobacco control.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Civil society in the LAC region is still far from meeting its potential whether in the tobacco control movement or reducing dietary salt.

“Civil society in the LAC region is still far from meeting its potential whether it is in the tobacco control movement or reducing dietary salt.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The examples of civil society achievements selected in the paper are representative of civil society's role in LAC tobacco control.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Civil society, more so than academic and government organizations, is frequently financially fragile.

“Finally, civil society, more so than academic and government organizations, are frequently financially fragile.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is probably sustainable native networks that can function long term with limited resources that might provide the best insurance for the future.

“It is probably sustainable native networks that can function long term with limited resources that might provide the best insurance for the future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is these latter roles that make civil society a powerful agent of change.

“It is these latter roles that make civil society a powerful agent of change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

While in other regions it might be impossible to work at a supra national level, in LAC it is possible and for some functions highly desirable.

“While in other regions it might be impossible to work at a supra national level, in LAC it is possible and for some functions, highly desirable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The impetus from the FCTC and resources from BI have strengthened civil society in LAC.

“Without a doubt, the impetus from the FCTC and the resources from BI have strengthened civil society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Larger organizations impose complex and restrictive requirements that may not be appropriate or feasible for the stage of development of grantee organizations.

“Larger organizations impose complex and restrictive requirements, which may not be appropriate or even feasible for the stage of development of grantee organizations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The parties to the FCTC agreed to raise taxes on tobacco, protect people from secondhand tobacco smoke, ban advertising, promotion and sponsorship, require strong health warnings on tobacco packaging, and provide cessation services.

“Among other measures, the parties to this treaty agreed to raise taxes on tobacco, protect people from secondhand tobacco smoke, ban advertising, promotion and sponsorship, require strong health warnings on tobacco packaging, and provide cessation services.9”

• cites [9]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Throughout FCTC ratification, Brazilian civil society was active but fragmented; not until 2006, with support of CIDA and Healthbridge and later BI financial support, did civil society under ACT Brazil become a strong, capable, and effective organization.

“It was not until 2006, with the support of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and Healthbridge and later with the influx of BI financial support that civil society, under the ACT Brazil coalition, became the strong, capable and effective organization it is today.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A strong civil society is a sign of a healthy democracy and it empowers the public to organize to seek to improve quality of life of everyone.

“A strong civil society is a sign of a healthy democracy and it empowers the public to organize to seek to improve quality of life of everyone.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The examples of civil society achievements selected in the paper are representative of civil society's role in LAC tobacco control.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Civil society has an irreplaceable role in advocacy with political decision makers and the media to position relevant health topics in a country's political and public agenda.

“Civil society has an irreplaceable role in advocacy with political decision makers and the media to position relevant health topics in a country's political and public agenda, thus changing the course of health policies.”

May combine two claims.

The growth of civil society in LAC is uneven, with questionable sustainability.

“However, the growth is uneven, with questionable sustainability.”