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Cited by 117Global Public Health Policies and EpidemiologySmoking Behavior and CessationPublic Health Policies and Education

Civil society and the negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Open access
Mamudu, H.M., Glantz, S.A.·2009·Global Public Health
DOI 10.1080/17441690802095355PMC PMC2664518
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Abstract

Tobacco control civil society organisations mobilised to influence countries during the negotiation of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) between 1999 and 2003. Tobacco control civil society organisations and coalitions around the world embraced the idea of an international tobacco control treaty and came together as the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA), becoming an important non-state actor within the international system of tobacco control. Archival documents and interviews demonstrate that the FCA successfully used strategies, including publication of a newsletter, shaming symbolism and media advocacy to influence policy positions of countries during the FCTC negotiation. The FCA became influential in the negotiation process, by mobilising tobacco control civil society organisations and resources with the help of the Internet, and framing the tobacco control discussion around global public health.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Tobacco control civil society organisations coalesced into the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA) and used newsletters, shaming awards, symbolism, media advocacy, and direct lobbying to influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) negotiations from 1999 to 2003. The paper argues the FCA became an influential transnational non-state actor by framing tobacco control as a global public health issue and mobilising resources via the Internet.

Key findings

  • The FCA grew from 72 member organisations in October 2000 to 275 organisations from 93 countries by August 2007, and used the daily *Alliance Bulletin*, awards (Orchid Award, Dirty Ashtray Award, Marlboro Man Award), the Death Clock, media advocacy, and direct lobbying to influence delegates.
  • The FCTC was adopted unanimously by all 192 WHO member countries in May 2003, became international law in February 2005 after 40 ratifications, and by November 2007 had 151 ratifying countries; the Death Clock displayed 13,461,552 deaths when negotiations ended in February 2003.
  • Among the “big four” opponents, Japan received six Dirty Ashtray Awards, the US received five Dirty Ashtray Awards plus a special Lifetime Achievement Award, China received three Dirty Ashtray Awards and one Orchid Award, and Germany received one Dirty Ashtray Award.
  • The FCA did not secure an explicit provision giving the FCTC precedence over the international trade regime, which the paper calls its biggest failure, but it helped win language putting public health on a par with trade and Article 4.7 stating that civil society participation is essential to achieving the Convention’s objective.

Methods

  • Triangulation of archival documents and interviews: WHO archives on the FCTC were searched January 2004–August 2007; the FCA’s printed *Alliance Bulletin* and webpage were examined; and tobacco industry document libraries were searched August 2005–August 2007.
  • Interviewees included seven government delegates, thirteen representatives of tobacco control civil society organisations, two representatives of business organisations, a pro-tobacco organisation representative, a tobacco control expert, and one WHO staff member; anonymity was guaranteed.
  • Because all efforts to interview transnational tobacco company representatives failed, the authors used formal written submissions to the FCTC public hearings from BAT, Imperial Tobacco Limited, Japan Tobacco International, Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, and Reemtsma.

Limitations

  • The paper states that all efforts to interview representatives from the transnational tobacco companies failed, so their positions were determined from formal written submissions to the FCTC public hearings.
  • The paper states that interviewees were guaranteed anonymity because of the diplomatic nature of treaty negotiations.
  • The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section; evident from the text, the account relies heavily on FCA materials such as the *Alliance Bulletin* and on interviews with FCA participants and delegates, with no tobacco-company interviews to balance those perspectives.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/17441690802095355

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

17 of 130 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Interpretationreasoning

    The FCA activities had some impact on members of the Chinese delegation.

    “Members of the Chinese delegation were upset about receiving Dirty Ashtray Awards, suggesting that the FCA activities had some impact on them31.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Otanez M., 2008, American Journal of Public Health source

      The Results discuss the Framework Convention Alliance’s member organization in Malawi and its activities, but do not describe Chinese delegates receiving Dirty Ashtray Awards or their reaction. Searches for the awards and for an impact on the Chinese delegation found no passage addressing either point. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Members of the Chinese delegation were upset about receiving Dirty Ashtray Awards.

    “Members of the Chinese delegation were upset about receiving Dirty Ashtray Awards, suggesting that the FCA activities had some impact on them31.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Otanez M., 2008, American Journal of Public Health source

      The Results discuss Malawi’s delegation and identify a Malawian group as a member of the Framework Convention Alliance, but do not describe Dirty Ashtray Awards or the Chinese delegation’s reaction. Searches for the award and for Chinese delegates being upset found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    During the FCTC negotiation, JTI worked actively with the Japanese government to weaken the FCTC.

    “During the FCTC negotiation, JTI worked actively with the Japanese government to weaken the FCTC (Assunta and Chapman 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Assunta and Chapman 2006 source

      The “Setting the tone” section says the Japanese delegation’s proposals closely aligned with JT’s positions, and the Discussion says Japan’s push for optional language weakened the FCTC. The Discussion also says JT and JTI aggressively opposed European tobacco-control measures during the negotiations. It does not say that JTI worked directly with the Japanese government to weaken the treaty; the documented alignment is with JT, not specifically JTI. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    The companies were specifically interested in weakening the FCA by engaging member organisations individually at the local level.

    “The companies were specifically interested in weakening the FCA by engaging member organisations individually at the local level47, 49, 50(Carter 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carter 2002 source

      The Conclusion (page not available) says MBD sought to undermine the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and recommended involving countries and NGOs, with some attention to regions. It does not say the companies targeted the FCA by engaging its member organisations individually at the local level. (LLM, conf=0.81)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds used a Washington, DC-based public relations firm to gather intelligence and provide strategic advice concerning the activities of tobacco control NGOs during the negotiation.

    “For instance, Philip Morris and RJ Reynolds used a Washington, DC-based public relations firm to gather intelligence and provide strategic advice concerning the activities of tobacco control NGOs during the negotiation (Carter 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carter 2002 source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 47
  • May combine two claims. 45

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A delegate from North America pointed out that they consistently consulted NGOs from their country (also members of the FCA) throughout the negotiation in Geneva.

    “A delegate from North America also pointed out that they consistently consulted NGOs from their country (also members of the FCA) throughout the negotiation in Geneva16.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      The Results passages describe tobacco-industry influence on scientists and research institutions in Germany. Searches for a North American delegate, FCA-member NGOs, and consultations during negotiations in Geneva found no passage addressing the attributed account. The paper’s silence does not establish that the account is false. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    FCA member organisations, such as ASH-Australia, sponsored government delegates from poor countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region to travel to Geneva to participate in the FCTC negotiations and helped some countries from the region formulate positions on the FCTC.

    “FCA member organisations, such as ASH-Australia, sponsored government delegates from poor countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region to travel to Geneva to participate in the FCTC negotiations and helped some countries from the region formulate positions on the FCTC30.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    This claim was reiterated in a March, 2000 BAT press release about the FCTC.

    “This claim was reiterated in a March, 2000 BAT press release about the FCTC23.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] source

      The retrieved passages from the paper’s References section concern tobacco-industry documents and tobacco-control studies, but none identifies a March 2000 BAT press release or says what it claimed about the FCTC. Searches for “FCTC,” “press release,” and the full description found no passage addressing the cited assertion. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A New Zealand delegate reported that some countries initially dismissed the awards, but later became more cognisant of them when some of the delegates used the awards to criticise others.

    “A New Zealand delegate reported that some countries initially dismissed the awards, but later became more cognisant of them when some of the delegates used the awards to criticise others26.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] source

      The Results passages describe Project Cerberus and tobacco-industry efforts around the FCTC, but do not address awards or a New Zealand delegate’s account of how countries reacted to them. Searches for “awards” and “New Zealand” found no passage in our copy that speaks to the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A New Zealand delegate indicated that the NGOs were very influential particularly with respect to developing countries, where the governments themselves are not experts in the field of tobacco control.

    “Echoing the feelings of all the interviewees, a New Zealand delegate indicated that the NGOs were very influential particularly with respect to developing countries, where the governments themselves are not experts in the field of tobacco control26.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] source

      The Conclusion (page unavailable) says civil society gained momentum and goodwill during FCTC negotiations, offering limited support for a broad claim about NGO influence. It does not report a New Zealand delegate’s statement, interviews, or the specific claim that NGOs were especially influential in developing countries because governments lacked tobacco-control expertise. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The tobacco industry has consistently used its resources and political connections to deny the health dangers of tobacco use and to undermine tobacco control policies nationally, regionally, and globally.

    “The tobacco industry has consistently used its resources and political connections to deny the health dangers of tobacco use and to undermine tobacco control policies nationally (Ong and Glantz 2001; Ling and Glantz 2002), regionally (Neuman, Bitton et al. 2002), and globally (World Health Organisation Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ong and Glantz 2001 source
    • cites Ling and Glantz 2002 source

      The Discussion (page not provided) says the industry opposed smoke-free bars to preserve them as promotional venues, supporting the claim that it worked against a tobacco-control policy. It does not establish the nationally attributed claims that the industry used political connections or denied tobacco's health dangers. The regional and global portions are attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Neuman, Bitton et al. 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tobacco companies and their affiliate organisations have had a strong influence in Germany, and the German government openly works with the tobacco industry.

    “Tobacco companies and their affiliate organisations have had a strong influence in Germany; it is one of the few developed countries in which the government openly works with the tobacco industry (Bornhauser, J. McCarthy et al. 2006; Grüning, Gilmore et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bornhauser, J. McCarthy et al. 2006 source

      The paper’s introductory section and Discussion describe the Verband’s strong influence on German policy, including collaboration with policymakers and alliances with the government. Its “What this paper adds” section says Germany was one of the few major countries where the industry remained a legitimate force in public discourse, but it does not establish the narrower comparison that Germany was one of the few developed countries whose government openly worked with the industry. The copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Grüning, Gilmore et al. 2006 source

      The Discussion (page not available) describes profound tobacco-industry influence over Germany’s scientific and medical establishment, including networks involving companies and their trade organization. The opening passage says close government–industry links had been alleged, but it does not establish that the government openly works with the industry or that Germany is one of few developed countries where this occurs. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The survival of the FCTC depends not only on the will of countries but also the ability of the FCA to sustain the campaign at all levels of governance.

    “For this reason, the survival of the FCTC depends not only on the will of countries but also the ability of the FCA to sustain the campaign at all levels of governance (Wipfli, Stillman et al. 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wipfli, Stillman et al. 2004 source

      The Abstract and Conclusion say the FCTC’s long-term success depends on countries’ capacity to implement it and sustain tobacco control. The Networking and leadership section describes the FCA’s work at national, regional, and international levels during the negotiations, but does not say the FCTC’s survival depends on the FCA sustaining a campaign at those levels. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Tobacco control civil society organisations and coalitions around the world embraced the idea of an international tobacco control treaty and came together as the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA).

    “Tobacco control civil society organisations and coalitions around the world embraced the idea of an international tobacco control treaty and came together as the Framework Convention Alliance (FCA)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The Orchid Award recognised leadership in the negotiations for a strong FCTC, and the Dirty Ashtray Award highlighted behaviour undermining it.

    “The Orchid Award recognised leadership in the negotiations for a strong FCTC, and the Dirty Ashtray Award highlighted behaviour undermining it (Table II) (White 2004; Wilkenfeld 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites White 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wilkenfeld 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The FCA is a heterogeneous alliance of civil society organisations and coalitions from around the world that worked jointly and separately to support the development of a strong FCTC.

    “The FCA is a heterogeneous alliance of civil society organisations and coalitions from around the world that worked jointly and separately to support the development of a strong FCTC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The first issue of the Alliance Bulletin announced two awards, the Orchid Award and Dirty Ashtray Award.

    “The first issue of the Alliance Bulletin announced two awards, the Orchid Award and Dirty Ashtray Award (Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    After the FCTC was adopted in May 2003, the FCA worked to ensure that the FCTC's provisions and related protocols are implemented.

    “After the FCTC was adopted in May 2003, the FCA worked to ensure that the FCTC's provisions and related protocols are implemented.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Japan is the home of Japan Tobacco International (JTI).

    “Japan is the home of Japan Tobacco International (JTI).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During the INB6, the Alliance Bulletin reported that the awards, which appeared on the Bulletin's last page, made the page popular among the delegates because who had won what became a critical question at the beginning of every day's negotiation.

    “During the INB6, the Alliance Bulletin (Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003) reported that the awards, which appeared on the Bulletin's last page, made the page popular among the delegates because who had won what became a critical question at the beginning of every day's negotiation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In the US, meetings on the FCTC were held in Nashville, Tennessee, San Francisco, California and Washington, DC.

    “In the US, for example, meetings on the FCTC were held in Nashville, Tennessee, San Francisco, California and Washington, DC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The four years negotiation (1999-2003) gave the FCA time to provide scientific information on the dangers of tobacco and secondhand smoke and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs to national delegates who did not understand these issues and the scope of global tobacco control.

    “The four years negotiation (1999-2003) gave the FCA time to provide scientific information on the dangers of tobacco and secondhand smoke and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs to national delegates who did not understand these issues and the scope of global tobacco control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: National delegates did not understand the dangers of tobacco and secondhand smoke and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Civil society organisations and the tobacco industry had an additional opportunity for public comment on the FCTC at national meetings.

    “Civil society organisations and the tobacco industry had an additional opportunity for public comment on the FCTC at national meetings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The Alliance Bulletin became main source of news and information for many delegates, especially in small delegations.

    “The Alliance Bulletin became main source of news and information for many delegates, especially in small delegations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The FCA directly lobbied the delegates through briefings, providing expertise for delegates, particularly those from developing countries, submission of amendments to texts, face-to-face meeting in the corridors, and distribution of position papers.

    “The FCA directly lobbied the delegates through briefings, providing expertise for delegates, particularly those from developing countries, submission of amendments to texts, face-to-face meeting in the corridors, and distribution of position papers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    With the help of the Internet, ASH mobilised tobacco control civil society organisations around the world into a loose network, which evolved into the FCA by 2000.

    “With the help of Internet, ASH mobilised tobacco control civil society organisations around the world into a loose network, which evolved into the FCA by 2000.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Members of China's tobacco monopoly were on its delegations to the FCTC negotiation.

    “Members of China's tobacco monopoly were on its delegations to the FCTC negotiation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Member organisations fund their own participation in the Alliance.

    “Member organisations fund their own participation in the Alliance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In spite of the 1996 UN Economic and Social Council resolution calling for broad participation of civil society organisations in decision-making processes of UN agencies, the INB1 resorted to WHO rules which only allowed formal participation only by NGOs with formal relations with WHO.

    “In spite of the 1996 UN Economic and Social Council resolution (United Nations Economic and Social Council 1996) calling for broad participation of civil society organisations in decision-making processes of UN agencies, the INB1 resorted to WHO rules which only allowed formal participation only by NGOs with formal relations with WHO (World Health Organisation 2000c).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites United Nations Economic and Social Council 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites World Health Organisation 2000c

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Martin Broughton, BAT's Chairman of the Board, said at an April 1999 BAT General Meeting, 'The World Health Organisation is seeking to regulate tobacco under its "Tobacco- Free Initiative" through an international framework convention on tobacco control. The convention is seeking to cover a broad range of areas and is, clearly, a western world dominated agenda'.

    “Martin Broughton, BAT's Chairman of the Board, said at an April 1999 BAT General Meeting, ‘The World Health Organisation is seeking to regulate tobacco under its “Tobacco- Free Initiative” through an international framework convention on tobacco control. The convention is seeking to cover a broad range of areas and is, clearly, a western world dominated agenda22’.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The Death Clock, a large digital counter that displayed the number of worldwide deaths from tobacco-induced diseases since the beginning of the FCTC negotiations, was located at the plenary session entrance.

    “The Death Clock, a large digital counter that displayed the number of worldwide deaths from tobacco-induced diseases since the beginning of the FCTC negotiations, was located at the plenary session entrance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The FCA used shaming to influence country delegates and blunt the tobacco companies and their allies' influence.

    “The FCA used shaming to influence country delegates and blunt the tobacco companies and their allies' influence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The block approach increased the influence of smaller countries, particularly the Pacific Islands and English-speaking Caribbean countries, in the FCTC negotiations.

    “an FCA interviewee from North America noted that the block approach increased the influence of smaller countries, particularly the Pacific Islands and English-speaking Caribbean countries, in the FCTC negotiations14.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    All of the 'big four' have entrenched and strong domestic tobacco interests.

    “All have entrenched and strong domestic tobacco interests.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    China has the largest state-owned tobacco monopoly (China National Tobacco Corporation) in the world, which claims to be crucial to China's economy because of the revenue and employment it generates.

    “China has the largest state-owned tobacco monopoly (China National Tobacco Corporation) in the world, which claims to be crucial to China's economy because of the revenue and employment it generates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In October 2000, TFI organised two days of hearings in Geneva to give civil society organisations and tobacco companies the opportunity to make submissions about the proposed FCTC text.

    “In October 2000, TFI organised two days of hearings in Geneva to give civil society organisations and tobacco companies the opportunity to make submissions about the proposed FCTC text2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The number of FCA member organisations increased from 72 in October 2000 to 275 from 93 countries in August 2007.

    “The number of FCA member organisations increased from 72 in October 2000 to 275 from 93 countries in August 2007.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    This effort was facilitated by GLOBALink, a network created in the late 1980s to facilitate communication among tobacco control advocates and researchers worldwide, which made it feasible to communicate in a timely manner, exchange information, understand needs, raise funds, and organize workshops.

    “This effort was facilitated by GLOBALink (www.globalink.org), a network created in the late 1980s to facilitate communication among tobacco control advocates and researchers worldwide, which made it feasible to communicate in a timely manner, exchange information, understand needs, raise funds, and organize workshops3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The tactics was so successful that an American government delegate published an article, Without Reservation (2004), in which he complained of the dominance of the public health groups in the FCTC negotiation.

    “The tactics was so successful that an American government delegate published an article, Without Reservation (2004), in which he complained of the dominance of the public health groups in the FCTC negotiation (Jacob 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jacob 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The Death Clock reached 13,461,552 when the negotiation ended in February 2003.

    “The clock, which reached 13,461,552 when the negotiation ended in February 2003, made the delegates aware of the damage tobacco use causes worldwide and the cost of inaction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Over 500 written submissions were received and representatives of 144 organisations testified; 20% of the submissions were from the tobacco industry and affiliated groups.

    “Over 500 written submissions were received and representatives of 144 organisations testified; 20% of the submissions were from the tobacco industry and affiliated groups11, 12.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [11] Framework Convention Alliance , 2001b . FCTC negotiations . Available from : http://fctc.org/archives/inb1.shtml [Accessed 10 March 2004] .

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Framework Convention Alliance , 2000–2003 . Alliance bulletin . Available from : http://www.fctc.org/bulletin/index.php [Accessed 15 August 2005] .

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The 'big four' - China, Japan, Germany and the US - were the leading opponents of key FCTC provisions to minimise its effectiveness and practical impact on the tobacco industry efforts to promote tobacco use.

    “The ‘big four’ - China, Japan, Germany and the US - were the leading opponents of key FCTC provisions to minimise its effectiveness and practical impact on the tobacco industry efforts to promote tobacco use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The FCA criticised China for preferring a more generic FCTC, calling for deletion of pictorial warning labels on tobacco packages from the Chair's officially proposed text during INB3, and joining the US against allowing NGOs access to informal sessions during INB6.

    “Despite these positive actions, the FCA criticised China for preferring a more generic FCTC, calling for deletion of pictorial warning labels on tobacco packages from the Chair's officially proposed text during INB3, and joining the US against allowing NGOs access to informal sessions during INB6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    As of November 2007, three of the 'big four' had ratified the treaty.

    “As of November 2007, three of the ‘big four’ had ratified the treaty.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The FCTC did not impose a worldwide comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship because the FCTC subjected this ban to domestic constitutional limitations.

    “The FCTC did not impose a worldwide comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship because the FCTC subjected this ban to domestic constitutional limitations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The FCA has become important non-state transnational actor in global tobacco control by participating in the FCTC Conference of Parties as a formal participant and by conducting workshops around the world to build capacity for implementing the FCTC.

    “In this respect, the FCA has become important non-state transnational actor in global tobacco control (Keck and Sikkink 1998) by participating in the FCTC Conference of Parties as a formal participant and by conducting workshops around the world to build capacity for implementing the FCTC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Keck and Sikkink 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    These organisations mobilised during the FCTC negotiations under a single umbrella organisation, the FCA, using the Internet.

    “These organisations mobilised during the FCTC negotiations under a single umbrella organisation, the FCA, using the Internet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The FCA and its members worked locally in Japan, Germany and the US by using the press to inform the public of their government's pro-tobacco positions at the INB and helped people and organisations lobby locally.

    “The FCA and its members worked locally there by using the press to inform the public of their government's pro-tobacco positions at the INB and helped people and organisations lobby locally (Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    They also thought that Japan decided to be a party to the FCTC so that it could influence its implementation.

    “They also thought that Japan decided to be a party to the FCTC so that it could influence its implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Many FCA interviewees and some of the delegates interviewed for this study believed that Japan's last minute decision to adopt the FCTC in May 2003 was because it did not want to be isolated and seen as one of the few countries (or the only country) opposed to the FCTC.

    “Many FCA interviewees and some of the delegates interviewed for this study believed that Japan's last minute decision to adopt the FCTC in May 2003 was because it did not want to be isolated and seen as one of the few countries (or the only country) opposed to the FCTC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Members of the tobacco industry were national delegates of at least China, Japan, Malawi, Russia and Turkey.

    “In addition, members of the industry were national delegates of (at least) China, Japan, Malawi, Russia and Turkey.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The Japanese delegation and JTI received six Dirty Ashtray Awards, the most of any country.

    “The Japanese delegation and JTI received six Dirty Ashtray Awards, the most of any country (Table II).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table II

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    As of November 2007, President Bush had not submitted the treaty to the US Senate for ratification.

    “(As of November 2007, President Bush had not submitted the treaty to the US Senate for ratification.)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The FCA worked to influence the development of the FCTC within a state-centric UN system by publicising the position of countries and staging worldwide campaign against recalcitrant countries.

    “The FCA worked to influence the development of the FCTC within a state-centric UN system by publicising the position of countries and staging worldwide campaign against recalcitrant countries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The language of the FCTC is generally framed as recommendations rather than the obligations the FCA espoused.

    “The language of the FCTC is generally framed as recommendations rather than the obligations the FCA espoused.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The ITGA claimed to represent tobacco growers during the FCTC public hearings, opposing the FCTC on economic grounds and disagreeing with the FCA members over the need for the FCTC.

    “It claimed to represent tobacco growers during the FCTC public hearings2, opposing the FCTC on economic grounds and disagreeing with the FCA members over the need for the FCTC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    The Alliance Bulletin reported that Japan never budged in its opposition to key provisions.

    “The Alliance Bulletin reported that Japan never budged in its opposition to key provisions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    All the delegates and FCA participants in the FCTC pointed out that there was a wide variation in the level of knowledge of tobacco use and tobacco control among the national delegates at the beginning of the INB sessions.

    “All the delegates and FCA participants in the FCTC pointed out that there was a wide variation in the level of knowledge of tobacco use and tobacco control among the national delegates at the beginning of the INB sessions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The ITGA was established in 1984, and as of August 2007, was made up of organisations from 25 countries.

    “The ITGA was established in 1984, and as of August 2007, was made up of organisations from 25 countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    While the FCA failed to win a provision in the FCTC that explicitly gave public health precedence over trade issues, it did win language that put public health on a par with trade, representing a 'draw' in the battle with the tobacco industry.

    “While the FCA failed to win a provision in the FCTC that explicitly gave public health precedence over trade issues, it did win language that put public health on a par with trade, representing a “draw” in the battle with the tobacco industry.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Japan opposed important FCTC provisions, including the total ban on advertising, prohibition of use of descriptors such as 'light' and 'mild' for cigarettes, and any provision in the FCTC that would allow public health to take precedence over trade.

    “Japan opposed important FCTC provisions, including the total ban on advertising, prohibition of use of descriptors such as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ for cigarettes, and any provision in the FCTC that would allow public health to take precedence over trade (Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 200-2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    After approval of the treaty, the FCA shifted its attention to ensuring ratification and monitoring compliance of the FCTC, two key roles of civil society organisations.

    “After approval of the treaty, the FCA shifted its attention to ensuring ratification and monitoring compliance of the FCTC, two key roles of civil society organisations (Peterson 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peterson 1999 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During the negotiation, the transnational tobacco companies worked directly to lobby national delegates, influence the composition of national delegations to include people from trade, finance, and agricultural ministries, hire consultants to engage in public relations and design strategies for undermining the FCTC, and divert attention away from the FCTC with industry 'youth smoking prevention' и

    “During the negotiation, the transnational tobacco companies worked directly to lobby national delegates34-36, influence the composition of national delegations to include people from trade, finance, and agricultural ministries20, 29, 35-37, hire consultants to engage in public relations and design strategies for undermining the FCTC38-40 and divert attention away from the FCTC with industry ‘youth”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mamudu and Glantz 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Once Bush took office, the US objected to provisions that warning labels on cigarette packages be printed in the main language(s) of the country of sale, the precedence of public health over trade, and a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising.

    “Once Bush took office, the US objected to, among others, provisions that warning labels on cigarette packages be printed in the main language(s) of the country of sale, the precedence of public health over trade, and a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising (Waxman 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Waxman 2002 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These national meetings helped countries formulate positions on the FCTC and made a global issue - the development of the FCTC - a domestic one.

    “These national meetings helped countries formulate positions on the FCTC and made a global issue - the development of the FCTC - a domestic one.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Delegates from developing countries, in particular, became conversant with the adverse health and economic effects of tobacco use, which then became the justification for global collective action.

    “Eventually, delegates from developing countries, in particular, became conversant with the adverse health and economic effects of tobacco use, which then became the justification for global collective action.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: National delegates did not understand the dangers of tobacco and secondhand smoke and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    The FCA was not a formal participant in the FCTC negotiation.

    “Because the FCA was not a formal participant in the FCTC negotiation, it adopted strategies and tactics from other treaty making processes to influence the national delegates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All interviews were conducted in accordance with a protocol approved by the Committees on Human Research of West Virginia University and the University of California, San Francisco.

    “All interviews were conducted in accordance with a protocol approved by the Committees on Human Research of West Virginia University and the University of California, San Francisco.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This paper is a triangulation of archival documents and interviews.

    “This paper is a triangulation of archival documents and interviews.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Curbing the Epidemic influenced many countries during the FCTC negotiation, especially developing countries where World Bank wields enormous influence.

    “Curbing the Epidemic influenced many countries during the FCTC negotiation, especially developing countries where World Bank wields enormous influence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The World Bank wields enormous influence in developing countries.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FCA membership is free and open to any organisation that endorses FCA's 'Vision and Mission' of promoting its role of coordinating international campaigns against tobacco, developing tobacco control capacity, and carefully monitoring FCTC development.

    “FCA membership is free and open to any organisation that endorses FCA's ‘Vision and Mission’ of promoting its role of coordinating international campaigns against tobacco, developing tobacco control capacity, and carefully monitoring FCTC development (Framework Convention Alliance 2001; Framework Convention Alliance 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    For many years, the tobacco industry and its allies have argued that tobacco supports economic development because of the revenue and employment it generates.

    “For many years, the tobacco industry and its allies have argued that tobacco supports economic development because of the revenue and employment it generates (World Health Organisation Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Health Organisation Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given the diplomatic nature of the issue, the authors guaranteed interviewees anonymity.

    “Given the diplomatic nature of the issue (treaty negotiations), we guaranteed interviewees anonymity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The unanimous adoption of the FCTC by all 192 WHO member countries at the 56th World Health Assembly in May 2003 represented the first time the WHO exercised its treaty making authority.

    “The unanimous adoption of the FCTC by all 192 WHO member countries at the 56th World Health Assembly (WHA) in May, 2003 represented the first time the WHO exercised its treaty making authority (World Health Organisation 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Health Organisation 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In May 1999, the World Bank published Curbing the Epidemic, which concluded that tobacco control is not only good for health but also for the economy.

    “In May 1999, the World Bank published Curbing the Epidemic (Jha and Chaloupka 1999), which concluded that tobacco control is not only good for health but also for the economy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jha and Chaloupka 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The FCA functioned as a transnational advocacy network influencing agenda setting, changing discourse, institutional procedures, policy change and state behaviour.

    “The FCA functioned in precisely this manner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    China produces a third of the world's tobacco and cigarettes and is home to a third of the world's smokers.

    “China also produces a third of the world's tobacco and cigarettes and a home to a third of the world's smokers (World Health Organization-Tobacco Free Initiative 2000; Toy 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites World Health Organization-Tobacco Free Initiative 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Toy 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because all efforts to interview representatives from the transnational tobacco companies on the FCTC failed, the authors used BAT, Imperial Tobacco Limited, Japan Tobacco International (JTI), Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, and Reemtsma Tobacco formal written submissions to the FCTC public hearings to determine their positions.

    “Because all efforts to interview representatives from the transnational tobacco companies on the FCTC failed, we used BAT, Imperial Tobacco Limited, Japan Tobacco International (JTI), Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, and Reemtsma Tobacco formal written submissions to the FCTC public hearings to determine their positions2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although governments negotiated and executed the FCTC, tobacco control civil society organisations played an important role in the FCTC negotiation.

    “Although governments negotiated and executed the FCTC, tobacco control civil society organisations played important role in the FCTC negotiation (Collin, Lee et al. 2002; Farquharson 2003; White 2004; Mamudu 2005; Roemer, Taylor et al. 2005).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Collin, Lee et al. 2002 source
    • cites Farquharson 2003 source
    • cites White 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The hearings created an opportunity to galvanize tobacco control civil society organisations' interest in the FCTC, increase public support, and contributed to the FCA's emergence.

    “The hearings brought diverse tobacco control civil society organisations together in one venue, which created an opportunity to galvanize tobacco control civil society organisations' interest in the FCTC as well as increase public support and contributed to the FCA's emergence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    The World Health Organisation (WHO) spearheaded the development of a global treaty on tobacco control, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).

    “As a result, the World Health Organisation (WHO) spearheaded the development of a global treaty on tobacco control, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 1999, Japan Tobacco acquired the international operations of the US-based R.J. Reynolds Tobacco to become JTI, the third largest transnational tobacco company in the world.

    “In 1999, Japan Tobacco acquired the international operations of the US-based R.J. Reynolds Tobacco to become JTI, the third largest transnational tobacco company in the world (Mackay, Eriksen et al. 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mackay, Eriksen et al. 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Alliance only fundraises to facilitate developing country civil society organisations' participation in the FCTC meetings and for specific Alliance projects not fundable directly by member organisations.

    “The Alliance only fundraises to facilitate developing country civil society organisations' participation in the FCTC meetings and for specific Alliance projects not fundable directly by member organisations (Framework Convention Alliance 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Framework Convention Alliance 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tobacco companies are powerful in the US because of strong national lobbying efforts and generous campaign contributions to politicians, including to the Republican Party and George Bush in the US 2000 national elections.

    “These companies are powerful in the US because of strong national lobbying efforts and generous campaign contributions to politicians, including to the Republican Party and George Bush in the US 2000 national elections (Kaufman 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kaufman 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Germany's opposition had a broader effect on EU support for the FCTC because the EU Commission's decisions require consensus.

    “Germany's opposition had a broader effect on EU support for the FCTC because the EU Commission's decisions require consensus (European Commission 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites European Commission 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    In the end, civil society organisations will need to sustain policy makers' interests or political will in the FCTC, just as they did during the FCTC negotiations, to ensure successful FCTC implementation around the world.

    “In the end, civil society organisations will need to sustain policy makers' interests or political will in the FCTC, just as they did during the FCTC negotiations, to ensure successful FCTC implementation around the world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The FCTC negotiations can provide lessons for other global public health problems.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Motivated by public health concerns about the dangers of tobacco use and the worldwide spread of tobacco, tobacco control civil society organisations embraced the idea of an international convention on tobacco control.

    “Motivated by public health concerns about the dangers of tobacco use and the worldwide spread of tobacco, tobacco control civil society organisations embraced the idea of an international convention on tobacco control.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The FCA participated in the policy-making processes by motivating and mobilising civil society organisations around the world and, so, emerged as an important transnational actor during the negotiation.

    “The FCA participated in the policy-making processes by motivating and mobilising (Peterson 1999) civil society organisations around the world and, so, emerged as an important transnational actor during the negotiation (Keck and Sikkink 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Peterson 1999 source
    • cites Keck and Sikkink 1998

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

83 of 83

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The archival documents and interviews used in the study accurately and completely represent the FCTC negotiation process and the FCA's activities.

    “This paper is a triangulation of archival documents and interviews.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The FCTC negotiation is a representative case for demonstrating the importance of transnational advocacy networks for influencing state behaviour in the UN system.

    “The FCA's success as a non-state actor in the FCTC negotiations illustrates the importance of transnational advocacy networks for influencing the behaviour of states within the state-centric United Nations (UN) system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The FCA did not have formal relations with WHO.

    “Because the FCA did not have formal relations with WHO, it could only be an observer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The World Bank wields enormous influence in developing countries.

    “especially developing countries where World Bank wields enormous influence.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The tobacco industry feared that Curbing the Epidemic would be used to frame the debate during the negotiations.

    “Just as the tobacco industry had feared, Curbing the Epidemic was the most important document the FCA used to frame the debate during the negotiations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    National delegates did not understand the dangers of tobacco and secondhand smoke and the effectiveness of tobacco control programs.

    “to national delegates who did not understand these issues and the scope of global tobacco control.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The FCTC negotiations can provide lessons for other global public health problems.

    “There are several lessons to be learned from the FCTC negotiations for other global public health problems:”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Japan and JTI are described as both pro-tobacco-control and opposed to FCTC provisions

    Minor

    The paper describes the Japanese government and JTI as sharing pro-tobacco-control sentiments, then says JTI worked with the government to weaken the FCTC and that Japan opposed important provisions.

  • INB6 is placed after the stated end of negotiations

    Minor

    The paper says the negotiation ended in February 2003, but later places an event during INB6 in March 2003.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Daynard , R. , 2001 . Liability and compensation provisions ‘very complex’ vs. ‘very important’ . Available from : http://www.fctc.org/bulletin/index.php [Accessed 25 August 2005] .
  2. Framework Convention Alliance , 2000–2003 . Alliance bulletin . Available from : http://www.fctc.org/bulletin/index.php [Accessed 15 August 2005] .
  3. Jacob G.F., 2004, Chicago Journal of International Law, 5, 287
  4. Weissman R., 2001, Multinational Monitor, 22, 6
  5. White A., 2004, Multinational Monitor, 25, 13
  6. 2003, WHO framework convention on tobacco control
  7. World Health Organization-Tobacco Free Initiative , 2000 . International conference on advancing knowledge on regulating tobacco products . Available from : http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/oslo_2000/en/ [Accessed 31 January 2007] .

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Mamudu, H. M., & Glantz, S. A.
Affiliations
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author
Glantz, S.A.
ORCID
Venue
Global Public Health
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2009-03
Volume
4
Issue
2
Pages
150-168
ISSN
  • 1744-1692 (ISSN-L)
  • 1744-1706
DOI
10.1080/17441690802095355
PMC
PMC2664518
OpenAlex
W1974293819
Semantic Scholar
245cde634b18a41c33df0f97d7f0e148562879f1
Cited by
117
References
34
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI
15.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Global Public Health (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL025869)
  • National Cancer Institute (CA113710, R25CA113710, R01CA087472, T32CA113710, CA 87472)
  • Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
Keywords
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, civil society organizations, tobacco control, international treaty negotiation, non-state actors, media advocacy
MeSH terms
Congresses as Topic, Health Care Coalitions, Health Policy, Health Promotion, Humans, Public Health, Social Control, Formal, Tobacco Use Disorder, Global Health, World Health Organization, Negotiating, Tobacco Industry, Government Regulation

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-30.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-30.

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