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Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to describe the historical development of research on cannabidiol. METHOD: This review was carried out on reports drawn from Medline, Web of Science and SciELO. DISCUSSION: After the elucidation of the chemical structure of cannabidiol in 1963, the initial studies showed that cannabidiol was unable to mimic the effects of Cannabis. In the 1970's the number of publications on cannabidiol reached a first peak, having the research focused mainly on the interaction with delta9-THC and its antiepileptic and sedative effects. The following two decades showed lower degree of interest, and the potential therapeutic properties of cannabidiol investigated were mainly the anxiolytic, antipsychotic and on motor diseases effects. The last five years have shown a remarkable increase in publications on cannabidiol mainly stimulated by the discovery of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. These studies have suggested a wide range of possible therapeutic effects of cannabidiol on several conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory diseases, nausea and cancer. CONCLUSION: In the last 45 years it has been possible to demonstrate that CBD has a wide range of pharmacological effects, many of which being of great therapeutic interest, but still waiting to be confirmed by clinical trials.
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“In conclusion, the experimental and clinical use of CBD, a compound that does not produce the typical subjective effects of marijuana induced by Δ9-THC, has clearly shown anxiolytic, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic properties, among other effects (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“In animal studies, CBD has similar effects to anxiolytic drugs in different paradigms including conditioned emotional response, the Vogel conflict test, and the elevated plus-maze test (Zuardi, 2008).”
From Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients (2011) · cites this paper as Zuardi, 2008
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“cannabidiol (CBD), one major non-psychotomimetic compound of the plant, has psychological effects substantially different from those of 9-THC (Zuardi, 2008).”
From Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients (2011) · cites this paper as Zuardi, 2008
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“These studies indicated that CBD had pharmacological effects of its own, which have been investigated since then and led to the current view that CBD actually has a broad spectrum of action (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“One of the most commonly observed effects of CBD at higher doses is sedation (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
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“In the early 1990s, the discovery of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system and the identification of endocannabinoids renewed interest in researching cannabinoid compounds (Zuardi, 2008).”
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“It has no affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors but acts as an indirect antagonist of cannabinoid agonists, tempering the psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-THC (53,54).”
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Pesquisas com a maconha no Brasil
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“CBD was first isolated from cannabis in 1940 [5], and subsequent research on cannabis led to identification of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the “active” principle.”
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“Medium and high doses of CBD have been found to be sedating [20, 21], and one study found that 160 mg/day of CBD can increase total sleep time and decrease the number of awakenings during the night [22].”
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“CBD has sedative, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, analgesic effects, decreases the intraocular pressure, and also has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties (Zuardi, 2008, Grotenhermen and Muhler-Vahl, 2012).”
BackgroundAlmeida, T., Santos, M. V., Lopes, L. D. S., Goel, G., de Freitas, R. L., de Medeiros, P. S., Crippa, J. A. S., & Machado, H. R. (2019) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2019.1651487 · Cited by 12
“there has been a growing interest in the study of the effects of cannabidiol and its synthetic derivatives [10].”
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Story, G., Briere, C., McClements, D. J., & Sela, D. A. (2023) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101972 · Cited by 11
“activity has been studied mechanistically as well as in clinical studies to evaluate its impact on psychological disorders, neurological disorders, cancers, and gastrointestinal diseases [4].”
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“Very low-THC material (almost always rich in CBD) has been contemptuously referred to as “ditchweed,” and it is highly ironic that such preparations (in principle not that different from conventional hemp) are now being marketed as a kind of “marijuana” for smoking.”
BackgroundInfluentialAbbs, B., Achalia, R. M., Adelufosi, A. O., Aktener, A. Y., Beveridge, N. J., Bhakta, S. G., Blackman, R. K., Bora, E., Byun, M. S., Cabanis, M., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.024 · Cited by 8
“Jose A. Crippa focused on the antipsychotic properties of CBD, which have been demonstrated in several studies (Zuardi, 2008; Zuardi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundIs Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Appropriate For Treating Adolescents with Depression?
Narang, P., Madigan, K., Sarai, S., & Lippmann, S. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 9
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Mastrofini, G. F., McFadden, B. A., Chandler, A. J., Lints, B. S., Cintineo, H. P., Rhoades, N., Vincenty, C. S., Stray-Gundersen, S. O., Lane‐Cordova, A. D., & Arent, S. M. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2370430 · Cited by 8
“Further, there appears to be a dose-response effect of CBD supplementation on sleep, with higher doses inducing a sedative effect and lower doses promoting alertness [23].”
BackgroundPerfil antipsicótico do canabidiol
Pedrazzi, J. F. C., Pereira, A. C. D. C. I., Gomes, F. V., & Bel, E. A. D. (2014) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v47i2p112-119 · Cited by 9
Marijuana, feijoada and the debate on drug legalization
Crippa, J. A., Hallak, J. E. C., & Zuardi, A. W. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00007 · Cited by 8
“In an analogy with feijoada, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( 9-THC), responsible for the psychoactive effects of the drug (Zuardi, 2008), could be the beans.”
BackgroundEfficacy of Cannabis and its Constituents in Disease Management: Insights from Clinical Studies
Vimal, D., D’Souza, L. C., Rai, V., Lal, S., Sharma, A., & Gupta, S. C. (2022) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867329666220525124818 · Cited by 8
UHPLC–MS-MS Determination of THC, CBD and Their Metabolites in Whole Blood of Light Cannabis Smokers
Faro, A. F. L., Tini, A., Gottardi, J., Pichini, S., Carlier, J., Giorgetti, R., & Busardò, F. P. (2022) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/bkac081 · Cited by 8
Kajero, J. A., Seedat, S., OHAERI, J. U., Akindele, A. J., & Aina, O. O. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24235-0 · Cited by 8
Zuardi, A. W., Guimarães, F. S., Hallak, J. E. C., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.89 · Cited by 8
Cannabidiol and Neuroprotection: Evidence from Preclinical Studies
Schröder, N., da Silva, V. K., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00095-8 · Cited by 7
Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., & Gruber, S. A. (2021) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.004 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, many MC patients choose products high in CBD, known for its therapeutic benefits and potential neuroprotective properties (Blessing et al., 2015; de Mello Schier et al., 2014; Fernandez-Ruiz et al., 2013; Iseger & Bossong, 2015; Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundBomfim, A. J. D. L., Zuze, S. M. F., Fabrício, D. D. M., Pessoa, R. M. D. P., Crippa, J. A. S., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2023) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2023.0086 · Cited by 7
“6,98,101,102 Therefore, studies with lower doses in healthy volunteers have divergent results in comparison to those found in the present review.”
Johns, T. N., Wakshlag, J. J., Lyubimov, A. V., Zakharov, A. D., & Burnside, W. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1286158 · Cited by 7
Bortolato, M., Braccagni, G., Pederson, C. A., Floris, G., & Fite, P. J. (2024) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2024.101948 · Cited by 7
Vechiato, F. M. V., Rivas, P. M. S., Ruginsk, S. G., Borges, B. C., Elias, L. L. K., & Antunes-Rodrigues, J. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.10.011 · Cited by 7
“Noticeably, Δ9-THC and other phytocannabinoids, such as cannabidiol, show low affinity for CB1Rs, suggesting that CB1Rindependent mechanisms may mediate these responses (Zuardi, 2008; Zuardi et al., 2006).”
BackgroundIs cannabidiol a scheduled controlled substance? Origin makes the difference
Citti, C., Linciano, P., & Cannazza, G. (2020) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.02.001 · Cited by 7
The Effects of Cannabidiol on Aqueous Humor Outflow and Trabecular Meshwork Cell Signaling
Aebersold, A. S., & Song, Z.-H. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11193006 · Cited by 7
“Unlike ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), CBD is non-psychotropic [9,10].”
BackgroundEl-Habashi, A. A., Mousa, M. A., El‐Eraky, W. I., Khalil, W. K. B., Ahmed, H. H., & Noha, A. A. S. (2013) · Cited by 7
Franco, G. R. R., & Viegas, C. (2017) · Revista Virtual de Química · doi:10.21577/1984-6835.20170103 · Cited by 7
Effects of self-administered cannabidiol in a patient with multiple system atrophy
Leys, F., Raccagni, C., Sidoroff, V., Seppi, K., Fanciulli, A., & Wenning, G. K. (2020) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-020-00704-2 · Cited by 7
uso do canabidiol (CBD) no tratamento da doença de Parkinson e suas comorbidades
SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2019) · Revista de Medicina · doi:10.11606/issn.1679-9836.v98i1p46-52 · Cited by 7
Perceptual Drug Discriminative Aspects of the Endocannabinoid Signaling System in Animals And Man
Järbe, T. U. C. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118023150.ch8 · Cited by 7
Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in the simulated public speaking test
Linares, I. M. P. (2016) · doi:10.26226/morressier.5785edced462b80296c99e83 · Cited by 7
Protopapa, C., Tsichlis, I., Kolipaka, S. S., Douroumis, D., Demetzos, C., & Vlachou, M. (2025) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2025.104053 · Cited by 6
Kajero, J. A., Seedat, S., OHAERI, J. U., Akindele, A. J., & Aina, O. O. (2022) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2022.29 · Cited by 6
“Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with multiple complex actions on the central nervous system (Zuardi, 2008; Peres et al ., 2018).”
Xie, J.-F., Wang, L., Ren, W.-T., Wang, C., Gao, J.-X., Chen, H., Zhao, X.-Q., Ren, Y., Xie, Y., Shao, Y.-F., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1213215 · Cited by 6
“Endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and the whole machinery for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids form the endocannabinoid system (Monory and Lutz, 2009), which has emerged as an important system in controlling numerous physiological processes, including learning and memory, reward, feeding, anxie…”
BackgroundInfluentialMohammadpanah, M., Farrokhi, S., Sani, M., Moghaddam, M. H., Bayat, A., Boroujeni, M. E., Abdollahifar, M., Fathi, M., Vakili, K. G., Nikpour, F., et al. (2023) · Toxicology Research · doi:10.1093/toxres/tfad098 · Cited by 6
Zielonka, D. M., Kiraga, Ł., & Kozlowski, R. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818782-1.00012-2 · Cited by 6
McFee, R. B. (2024) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101832 · Cited by 5
Marçal, A. P., Soares, N., Asth, L., Moreira, F. A., Ferreira, A. V. M., & de Aguiar, D. C. (2022) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-022-01071-9 · Cited by 5
“CBD has many pharmacological targets in the CNS, and a great interest in its potential therapeutic effects has been increasing over the years (Zuardi 2008).”
BackgroundCannabidiol for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders
SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00113-7 · Cited by 5
Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity
Joca, S. R. L., Silote, G. P., Sartim, A. G., Sales, A. J., Guimarães, F. S., & Wegener, G. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817933-8.00052-9 · Cited by 5
O uso medicinal da Cannabis sativa L.: regulamentação, desafios e perspectivas no Brasil
Gregório, L. E., & Mascarenhas, N. G. (2022) · Concilium · doi:10.53660/clm-220-230 · Cited by 5
The Endocannabinoid System as a Target for New Antiseizure Drugs
Vilela, L., de Oliveira, A. C. P., Moraes, M. F. D., Moreira, F. A., & Takahashi, R. N. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00073-9 · Cited by 5
Inflammatory mechanisms of abused drugs
Mitchell, C. M., Jordi, O. E., & Yamamoto, B. K. (2018) · Advances in neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.006 · Cited by 5
Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol on Methamphetamine Abuse: A Review of Preclinical Study.
Razavi, Y., Keyhanfar, F., Shabani, R., Haghparast, A., & Mehdizadeh, M. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22037/ijpr.2021.114918.15106 · Cited by 6
Medical cannabis and cannabidiol: A new harvest for Malawi
Bandawe, G. P. (2022) · Malawi Medical Journal · doi:10.4314/mmj.v34i2.10 · Cited by 5
Clinical Trials for Opioid Use Disorder
Blessing, E., Virani, S., & Rotrosen, J. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_304 · Cited by 5
CBD’s potential impact on Parkinson’s disease: An updated overview
Ghachi, H. E., Soulimani, R., Gamrani, H., & Kissani, N. (2024) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2024-1075 · Cited by 7
“Several reviews [120,122 – 125] have shown that animal and human studies consistently suggest that CBD has anti-psychotic e ff ects and is well tolerated in general.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zuardi, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-280
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038532706
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Nigella sativa pharmacological applications
- Keywords
- cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, antiepileptic effect, anxiolytic effects, antipsychotic effects, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, nausea, therapeutic potential
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Mental Disorders, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Neuroprotective Agents, Biomedical Research
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