The DOI matches its Crossref record; 116 of the 116 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to describe the historical development of research on cannabidiol. METHOD: This review was carried out on reports drawn from Medline, Web of Science and SciELO. DISCUSSION: After the elucidation of the chemical structure of cannabidiol in 1963, the initial studies showed that cannabidiol was unable to mimic the effects of Cannabis. In the 1970's the number of publications on cannabidiol reached a first peak, having the research focused mainly on the interaction with delta9-THC and its antiepileptic and sedative effects. The following two decades showed lower degree of interest, and the potential therapeutic properties of cannabidiol investigated were mainly the anxiolytic, antipsychotic and on motor diseases effects. The last five years have shown a remarkable increase in publications on cannabidiol mainly stimulated by the discovery of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. These studies have suggested a wide range of possible therapeutic effects of cannabidiol on several conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory diseases, nausea and cancer. CONCLUSION: In the last 45 years it has been possible to demonstrate that CBD has a wide range of pharmacological effects, many of which being of great therapeutic interest, but still waiting to be confirmed by clinical trials.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In conclusion, the experimental and clinical use of CBD, a compound that does not produce the typical subjective effects of marijuana induced by Δ9-THC, has clearly shown anxiolytic, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic properties, among other effects (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In animal studies, CBD has similar effects to anxiolytic drugs in different paradigms including conditioned emotional response, the Vogel conflict test, and the elevated plus-maze test (Zuardi, 2008).”
From Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients (2011) · cites this paper as Zuardi, 2008
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“cannabidiol (CBD), one major non-psychotomimetic compound of the plant, has psychological effects substantially different from those of 9-THC (Zuardi, 2008).”
From Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients (2011) · cites this paper as Zuardi, 2008
In the citing paper
“These studies indicated that CBD had pharmacological effects of its own, which have been investigated since then and led to the current view that CBD actually has a broad spectrum of action (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“One of the most commonly observed effects of CBD at higher doses is sedation (2).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Krystal, J. H. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004 · Cited by 3,330
Isolation, Structure, and Partial Synthesis of an Active Constituent of Hashish
Gaoni, Y., & Mechoulam, R. (1964) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja01062a046 · Cited by 2,389
Pertwee, R. G. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442 · Cited by 2,047
The orphan receptor GPR55 is a novel cannabinoid receptor
Ryberg, E., Larsson, N., Sjögren, S., Hjorth, S., Hermansson, N., Leonova, J., Elebring, T., Nilsson, K., Drmota, T., & Greasley, P. J. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707460 · Cited by 1,568
Bisogno, T., Hanuš, L., PETROCELLIS, L. D., Tchilibon, S., Ponde, D. E., Brandi, I., Moriello, A. S., Davis, J. B., Mechoulam, R., & Marzo, V. D. (2001) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704327 · Cited by 1,315
Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors
Russo, E. B., Burnett, A., Hall, B., & Parker, K. K. (2005) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1 · Cited by 878
BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN A PATIENT WITH THE WISKOTT-ALDRICH SYNDROME
Bach, F. H., Albertini, R., Joo, P., Anderson, J., & Bortin, M. M. (1968) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92672-x · Cited by 867
Cannabidiol and (−)Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants
Hampson, A. J., Grimaldi, M., Axelrod, J., & Wink, D. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8268 · Cited by 850
Thomas, A., Baillie, G. L., Phillips, A. M., Razdan, R. K., Ross, R. A., & Pertwee, R. G. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707133 · Cited by 763
Malfait, A. M., Gallily, R., Sumariwalla, P. F., Malik, A. S., Andreakos, E., Mechoulam, R., & Feldmann, M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.160105897 · Cited by 669
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Clarke CR, 2002, Botany of natural Cannabis medicines, 3
- Mechoulam R, 1963, Hashish: 1. Structure of Cannabidiol, Tetrahedron, 19, 2073
- Zuardi AW, 1984, Interação farmacológica entre delta - 9 - THC e CBD, dos constituintes activos da cannabis sativa, Ciência e Cultura, 36, 386
- Musty RE, 1984, Anxiolytic properties of cannabidiol, 713
- Zuardi AW, 2002, Cannabidiol: possible therapeutic application, 359
- Leweke F, 2007, Double blind, controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol monotherapy versus amisulpiride in the treatment of acutely psychotic schizophrenia patients, Schizophr Bull, 33, 310
- Sandyk R, 1988, Preliminary trial of cannabidiol in Hantington's disease, 157
- Martin BR, 1999, Discovery and characterization of endogenous cannabinoids, Life Sci, 65, 573, 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00281-7 · DOI
- Zuardi AW, 2008, Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease: possible mechanisms of actions, J Psychopharmacology
- Pertwee RG, 2004, The pharmacology and therapeutic potential of cannabidiol, 32
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Adverse health effects of marijuana use.
Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. B. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1402309 · Cited by 2,774
Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb
Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Marzo, V. D., & Mechoulam, R. (2009) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006 · Cited by 879
Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Chagas, M. H. N., de Oliveira, D. C. G., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., Quevedo, J., Roesler, R., Schröder, N., Nardi, A. E., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6 · Cited by 771
Bhattacharyya, S., Morrison, P. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Martin-Santos, R., Borgwardt, S., Winton-Brown, T., Nosarti, C., O' Carroll, C. M., Seal, M., Allen, P., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.184 · Cited by 680
“CBD may thus have therapeutic potential as a treatment for cannabis-induced psychopathology , and as an anxiolytic and an antipsychotic (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSafety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent
Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J. (2011) · Current Drug Safety · doi:10.2174/157488611798280924 · Cited by 558
“This cannabinoid has not been shown to induce catalepsy, even at doses as high as 480 mg/kg bw [12][29][32].”
BackgroundCrippa, J. A. S., Derenusson, G. N., Ferrari, T. B., Wichert-Ana, L., Duran, F. L., Martin-Santos, R., Simões, M. V., Bhattacharyya, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Atakan, Z., et al. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110379283 · Cited by 535
“, 1991), among other conditions (Zuardi, 2008), did not induce any significant side effects nor lead to the emergence of any neurological, psychiatric or general clinical manifestations (Cunha et al.”
BackgroundMcPartland, J. M., Duncan, M., Marzo, V. D., & Pertwee, R. G. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12944 · Cited by 552
“Many narrative reviews have been written about THC, CBD and THCV, and cannabis as a ‘synergistic shotgun’ (McPartland and Pruitt, 1999; McPartland and Russo, 2001; Pertwee, 2004; 2005; 2008; Russo and Guy, 2006; Mechoulam et al., 2007; Zuardi, 2008; Izzo et al., 2009; Russo, 2011).”
BackgroundCannabidiol (CBD) and its analogs: a review of their effects on inflammation.
Burstein, S. (2015) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.059 · Cited by 573
Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature
Babson, K. A., Sottile, J. E., & Morabito, D. M. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9 · Cited by 491
Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity
Huestis, M. A., Solimini, R., Pichini, S., Pacifici, R., Carlier, J., & Busardò, F. P. (2019) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x17666190603171901 · Cited by 499
Deiana, S., Watanabe, A., Yamasaki, Y., Amada, N., Arthur, M., Fleming, S., Woodcock, H., Dorward, P. K., Pigliacampo, B., Close, S., et al. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2415-0 · Cited by 422
Chagas, M. H. N., Zuardi, A. W., Tumas, V., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira, E. T., Bergamaschi, M. M., dos Santos, A. C., Teixeira, A. L., Hallak, J. E., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114550355 · Cited by 365
“Pharmacological studies on CBD have shown that the substance has a wide spectrum of action with different effects on different systems (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPorter, B. E., & Jacobson, C. A. (2013) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.08.037 · Cited by 359
Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age
Crippa, J. A., Guimarães, F. S., Campos, A. C., & Zuardi, A. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02009 · Cited by 308
Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain‐related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis
Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2015) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.818 · Cited by 320
“936 Eur J Pain 20 (2016) 936--948 © 2015 European Pain Federation - EFIC Cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are potential targets for reducing pain and inflammation (Clayton et al., 2002; Richardson et al., 2008; Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundMartín‐Santos, R., Crippa, J. A. S., Batalla, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Borgwardt, S., Allen, P., Seal, M. L., Langohr, K., Farré, M., et al. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884780 · Cited by 298
“CBD is pharmacologically active and can have anticonvulsant, sedative, anxiolytic [3,4,17,18] and antipsychotic effects [4, 19-25].”
BackgroundA Cross-Sectional Study of Cannabidiol Users
Corroon, J., & Phillips, J. A. (2018) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2018.0006 · Cited by 305
Mecha, M., Feliú, A., Iñigo, P. M., Mestre, L., Carrillo-Salinas, F. J., & Guaza, C. (2013) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.016 · Cited by 285
“CBD is themajor Cannabis derived non-CB1/CB2 ligand that is devoid of psychotropic effects and even, inhibits many central effects of THC (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialKozela, E., Pietr, M., Juknat, A., Rimmerman, N., Levy, R., & Vogel, Z. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.069294 · Cited by 322
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., & Tarrier, N. (2012) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.02.009 · Cited by 280
Blurred Boundaries: The Therapeutics and Politics of Medical Marijuana
Bostwick, J. M. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.10.003 · Cited by 261
“cytokines, and both immunosuppressant and antioxidant activity.(33) Cannabidiol lacks psychoactivity and may mitigate the anxiety and paranoia THC can induce, particularly in naive users.”
BackgroundCannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy
Smith, L. A., Azariah, F., Lavender, V., Stoner, N. S., & Bettiol, S. S. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009464.pub2 · Cited by 257
“Zuardi 2008 {published data only} Zuardi AW.”
BackgroundZuardi, A. W., Rodrigues, N. P., Silva, A. L., Bernardo, S. A., Hallak, J. E. C., Guimarães, F. S., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00259 · Cited by 294
“In just over half a century of research on cannabidiol (CBD) investigators described a broad range of pharmacological effects of the drug, many of which of therapeutic interest (Zuardi, 2008; Izzo et al., 2009).”
BackgroundChagas, M. H. N., Éckeli, Á. L., Zuardi, A. W., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., Sobreira, E. T. A., Camilo, M. R., Bergamaschi, M. M., Schenck, C. H., Hallak, J. E. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12179 · Cited by 253
“Several studies have shown that CBD has a broad spectrum of action that includes hypnotic, antipsychotic, anxiolytic and neuroprotective properties.(1) There are few investigations about the effects ofCBDon the sleep– wake cycle; however, CBD 160 mg/day was shown to significantly increase the quality of sleep, with su…”
BackgroundBaron, E. P. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13345 · Cited by 268
“CBD also interacts with a variety of ion channels, enzymes, and other receptors.(49,62,192,193,259,411) It inhibits AEA uptake and metabolism and acts as a TRPV1 agonist, similar to capsaicin, although without the noxious sides effects.”
BackgroundBooz, G. W. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.007 · Cited by 254
“Interest in exploiting CBD therapeutically was initially focused on its interactions with the primary psychotropic ingredient of Cannabis, Δ(9)-THC, and its sedative and antiepileptic effects and later its antipsychotic and anxiolytic actions and utility in treating movement disorders [3].”
BackgroundDoes Cannabidiol Protect Against Adverse Psychological Effects of THC?
Niesink, R. J. M., & van Laar, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00130 · Cited by 253
“In this experimental situation, CBD was effective in preventing symptoms of anxiety, both in healthy volunteers and in patients with social anxiety disorder (41, 63).”
BackgroundCannabis, cannabinoids, and health
Lafaye, G., Karila, L., Blecha, L., & Benyamina, A. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.3/glafaye · Cited by 238
The psychiatric side-effects of rimonabant
Moreira, F. A., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462009000200012 · Cited by 245
Vallée, A., Lecarpentier, Y., Guillevin, R., & Vallée, J.-N. (2017) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.1093/abbs/gmx073 · Cited by 226
Waldo Zuardi, A., Alexandre S. Crippa, J., E.C. Hallak, J., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., Martin-Santos, R., K. McGuire, P., & Silveira Guimaraes, F. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212802884681 · Cited by 222
“In addition to the mechanisms discussed above, CBD can produce several other effects (for a review, see 65) that could also be involved to be responsible for its antipsychotic properties, including interaction with 5HT1A and TRPV1 receptors and anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective effects [66, 67].”
BackgroundFreeman, A. M., Petrilli, K., Lees, R., Hindocha, C., Mokrysz, C., Curran, H. V., Saunders, R., & Freeman, T. P. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036 · Cited by 232
“Acute effects of CBD Originally believed to have a minimal effect due to its lack of subjective effects, CBD has recently received renewed interest for its potential therapeutic properties (Khoury et al., 2019; Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundNaftali, T., Mechulam, R., Marii, A., Gabay, G., Stein, A., Bronshtain, M., Laish, I., Benjaminov, F., & Konikoff, F. M. (2017) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-017-4540-z · Cited by 216
“CBD displays potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, described both in acute and in chronic animal models of inflammation [11, 12].”
BackgroundCannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in a simulated public speaking test
Linares, I. M., Zuardi, A. W., Pereira, L. C., Queiroz, R. H., Mechoulam, R., Guimarães, F. S., & Crippa, J. A. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0015 · Cited by 241
Baron, E. P. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12570 · Cited by 219
Bhattacharyya, S. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.161 · Cited by 203
Cannabidiol in Humans—The Quest for Therapeutic Targets
Zhornitsky, S., & Potvin, S. (2012) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph5050529 · Cited by 205
“have not considered a large number of experimental and clinical studies that administered CBD-alone and/or in combination with ∆9-THC, versus ∆9-THC-alone [10–12].”
BackgroundKozela, E., Lev, N., Kaushansky, N., Eilam, R., Rimmerman, N., Levy, R., Ben‐Nun, A., Juknat, A., & Vogel, Z. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01379.x · Cited by 201
“Themed Issue: Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine, Part I RESEARCH PAPERbph_1379 1507..1519”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRibeiro, A., Ferraz-de-Paula, V., Pinheiro, M. L., Vitoretti, L. B., Mariano-Souza, D. P., Quinteiro-Filho, W. M., Akamine, A. T., de Almeida, V. I., Quevedo, J., Dal‐Pizzol, F., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.043 · Cited by 190
“Cannabidiol is known to exert its effects in a number of different ways, as reviewed by Izzo et al. (2009) and Zuardi (2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialPharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: Current treatments and future directions
Farach, F. J., Pruitt, L. D., Jun, J. J., Jerud, A. B., Zoellner, L. A., & Roy‐Byrne, P. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.009 · Cited by 202
Baron, E. P., Lucas, P., Eades, J., & Hogue, O. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0862-2 · Cited by 188
“CBD also interacts with a multitude of ion channels, enzymes, and other receptors [18, 83, 129, 130, 225, 259].”
BackgroundGomes, F. V., Resstel, L. B. M., & Guimarães, F. S. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2036-z · Cited by 174
“Although it is devoid of the typical psychotomimetic effects of this plant ( Zuardi 2008 ), CBD can attenuate the psychotomimetic and anxiogenic effects induced by high doses of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabininol in”
BackgroundCheng, D., Low, J. K., Logge, W., Garner, B., & Karl, T. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3478-5 · Cited by 181
“In particular, the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis sativa, promises potential for the multimodal treatment of AD due to its neuroprotective, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties (Booz 2011; Iuvone et al. 2009; Krishnan et al. 2009; Scuderi et al. 2011; Zuardi 2008).”
Cannabidiol (CBD) use in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review
Bonaccorso, S., Ricciardi, A., Zangani, C., Chiappini, S., & Schifano, F. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.002 · Cited by 180
“…from cannabis extracts in the 1940s (Adams et al., 1940) and, even though initially considered a non-active cannabinoid (Crippa et al., 2018; Zuardi, 2008), it was then recognised as presenting with a different activity compared with the psychotomimetic THC (Casajuana Köguel et al., 2018;…”
Laun, A. S., Shrader, S. H., Brown, K. J., & Song, Z.-H. (2018) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-018-0031-9 · Cited by 169
Cannabidiol as a Promising Strategy to Treat and Prevent Movement Disorders?
Peres, F. F., Lima, A. C., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Silva, R. H., & Abílio, V. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00482 · Cited by 167
“Nonetheless, subsequent studies demonstrated that CBDmodulates the effects of19THC and displays multiple actions in the central nervous system, including antiepileptic, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundCannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an anxiolytic drug
Schier, A. R. D. M., Ribeiro, N. P. D. O., Silva, A. C. D. O. E., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Nardi, A. E., & Zuardi, A. W. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462012000500008 · Cited by 162
Fogaça, M. V., Reis, F. M. C. V., Campos, A. C., & Guimarães, F. S. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.012 · Cited by 153
Shannon, S. M., & Opila-Lehman, J. (2016) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/16-005 · Cited by 152
Bhattacharyya, S., Wilson, R., Appiah-Kusi, E., O'Neill, A., Brammer, M., Perez, J., Murray, R., Allen, P., Bossong, M., & McGuire, P. (2018) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2309 · Cited by 134
Winton-Brown, T. T., Allen, P., Bhattacharrya, S., Borgwardt, S. J., Fusar-Poli, P., Crippa, J. A., Seal, M. L., Martin-Santos, R., Ffytche, D., Zuardi, A. W., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.17 · Cited by 146
“Although administration of THC can induce psychotic symptoms, anxiety, and cognitive impairments in healthy subjects (D’Souza et al, 2004), CBD has anxiolytic (Crippa et al, 2004) and possibly antipsychotic properties (Zuardi et al, 2006), and does not impair cognitive performance (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundEndocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders
Ashton, C. H., & Moore, P. B. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01687.x · Cited by 150
Osborne, A. L., Solowij, N., Babic, I., Huang, X., & Weston–Green, K. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.40 · Cited by 147
“Consideration of the biphasic dose-response of CBD is important as high doses of CBD can lead to negative effects such as sedation (600 mg) and hyperprolactinemia (120–240 mg/kg) in healthy humans and rats, respectively, which are the side-effects also associated with APDs (Zuardi, 2008).”
InfluentialGolombek, P., Müller, M., Barthlott, I., Sproll, C., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2020) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics8020041 · Cited by 137
Marco, E. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00063 · Cited by 139
“In addition, considering its safety profile (Mechoulam et al., 2007; Zuardi, 2008; Izzo et al., 2009), CBD could be a useful pharmacological tool to modulate this system.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCannabidiol as an Intervention for Addictive Behaviors: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Prud'homme, M., Cata, R., & Jutras‐Aswad, D. (2015) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.4137/sart.s25081 · Cited by 133
Vilela, L., Lima, I. V. D. A., Kunsch, É. B., Pinto, H. P. P., de Miranda, A. S., Vieira, É. L. M., de Oliveira, A. C. P., Moraes, M. F. D., Teixeira, A. L., & Moreira, F. A. (2017) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.07.014 · Cited by 128
“, neutrophils) in most in vivo models of inflammation, in addition to reducing T cell responses, cyclooxygenase activity, and nitric oxide production [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialRodríguez-Muñoz, M., Onetti, Y., Cortés‐Montero, E., Garzón, J., & Sánchez‐Blázquez, P. (2018) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-018-0395-2 · Cited by 127
Phytochemicals and Their Potential Usefulness in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Somani, S. J., Modi, K., Majumdar, A. S., & Sadarani, B. N. (2015) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.5271 · Cited by 127
The Antitumor Activity of Plant-Derived Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids
McAllister, S. D., Soroceanu, L., & Desprez, P. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9608-y · Cited by 144
“Of these, CBD has been studied the most extensively (Zuardi 2008).”
BackgroundIs the cardiovascular system a therapeutic target for cannabidiol?
Stanley, C. P., Hind, W. H., & O’Sullivan, S. E. (2012) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04351.x · Cited by 121
dos Santos, N. A. G., Martins, N. M., Sisti, F., Fernandes, L. S., Ferreira, R. S., Queiróz, R. H. C., & dos Santos, A. C. (2015) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.004 · Cited by 119
“The neuroprotection of CBD has been observed in different models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, and it has been mainly associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms; however, these properties alone cannot explain all the biological effects found…”
BackgroundRibeiro, A. B., de Almeida, V. I., Costola-de-Souza, C., Ferraz-de-Paula, V., Pinheiro, M. L., Vitoretti, L. B., Gimenes-Júnior, J. A., Akamine, A. T., Crippa, J. A. S., Tavares-de-Lima, W., et al. (2014) · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.976794 · Cited by 114
“com/ipi ISSN: 0892-3973 (print), 1532-2513 (electronic) Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 2015; 37(1): 35–41”
Uribe-Mariño, A., Biagioni, A. F., Castiblanco-Urbina, M. A., Twardowschy, A., Salgado-Rohner, C. J., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Coimbra, N. C. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.188 · Cited by 111
“Recently, much attention has been given to cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent of Cannabis that is unable to mimic all of the effects of the plant but has a wide range of pharmacological effects (”
BackgroundRaj, V., Park, J. G., Cho, K.-H., Choi, P., Kim, T., Ham, J., & Lee, J. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.020 · Cited by 111
“Notably, the Therapeutic Goods Administration of the Australian Department of Health recently (April 2020) [69] recommended that low dose CBD can be administered orally or by inhaler or vaporization for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety secondary to post-traumatic stress disorder at 25–40 mg/day for a 10-year-old…”
BackgroundCannabis use in pregnancy and early life and its consequences: animal models
Schneider, M. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0026-0 · Cited by 100
Cannabis and Its Derivatives: Review of Medical Use
Leung, L. (2011) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.04.100280 · Cited by 102
“flammatory antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects.(91,92) Another observational study of the ratio of CBD:THC from street cannabis samples suggests that a higher CBD content reduced reinforcing behavior and attention bias to marijuana.”
BackgroundJesus, C. H. A., Redivo, D. D. B., Gasparin, A. T., Sotomaior, B. B., de Carvalho, M. C., Genaro, K., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Zanoveli, J. M., et al. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.014 · Cited by 102
Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Queiroz, R. H. C., Bergamaschi, M., Chagas, M. H. N., & Zuardi, A. W. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12018 · Cited by 101
“For instance, despite its low affinity for CB1 receptors, CBD is able to antagonize CB1R agonists at reasonably low concentrations.(12) Moreover, CBD can also inhibit the reuptake and hydrolysis of anandamide in animals(11) and in humans,(31) a mechanism that could be involved in the reduction of cannabis withdrawal s…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCannabinoids in intestinal inflammation and cancer
Izzo, A. A., & Camilleri, M. (2009) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2009.03.008 · Cited by 103
Is cannabis treatment for anxiety, mood, and related disorders ready for prime time?
Turna, J., Patterson, B. A., & Ameringen, M. V. (2017) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22664 · Cited by 107
GPR3 and GPR6, novel molecular targets for cannabidiol
Laun, A. S., & Song, Z.-H. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.165 · Cited by 100
Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Epilepsy
von Wrede, R. D., Helmstaedter, C., & Surges, R. (2021) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-021-01003-y · Cited by 105
“While CBD research in the 1970s dealt primarily with the antiepileptic and sedative effects of CBD, research in the 1980s and 1990s was mainly focused on its anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and motor disease effects [34].”
BackgroundStanley, C. P., Hind, W. H., Tufarelli, C., & O’Sullivan, S. E. (2015) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvv179 · Cited by 100
Gomes, F. V., Reis, D. G., Alves, F. H., Corrêa, F. M., Guimarães, F. S., & Resstel, L. B. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110389095 · Cited by 97
“Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major component of Cannabis sativa which, unlike D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC), is devoid of the typical psychotomimetic effects of cannabis (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundCannabidiol prescription in clinical practice: an audit on the first 400 patients in New Zealand
Gulbransen, G., Xu, W., & Arroll, B. (2020) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpopen20x101010 · Cited by 102
“While 9-Δ-THC is the main psychoactive component responsible for euphoria and the ‘high’ associated with marijuana, CBD is the noneuphoriant component.(2,3) CBD is currently FDAapproved for the treatment of Dravet and LennoxGastaut syndrome, two childhood seizure disorders.”
BackgroundA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Haemodynamic Effects of Cannabidiol
Sultan, S. R., Millar, S. A., England, T. J., & O'Sullivan, S. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00081 · Cited by 95
“It is suggested that CBD may have therapeutic effects in a variety of disorders including diabetes, gastrointestinal disturbances, cancer, oxidative stress, inflammation and in cardiovascular disease (Russo and Guy, 2006; Capasso et al., 2008; Zuardi, 2008; Iuvone et al., 2009; Booz, 2011).”
BackgroundZamberletti, E., Gabaglio, M., Woolley-Roberts, M., Bingham, S., Rubino, T., & Parolaro, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00367 · Cited by 98
A novel CB receptor GPR55 and its ligands are involved in regulation of gut movement in rodents
Lin, X. ‐., Yuece, B., Li, Y. ‐., Feng, Y., Feng, J. ‐., Yu, L. ‐., Li, K., Li, Y.-X., & Storr, M. (2011) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01742.x · Cited by 97
Silote, G. P., Sartim, A. G., Sales, A. J., Eskelund, A., Guimarães, F. S., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. R. L. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.04.006 · Cited by 98
de Almeida, V., Levin, R. R., Peres, F. F., Niigaki, S. T., Calzavara, M. B., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., & Abílio, V. C. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.024 · Cited by 93
“Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the major constituents of Cannabis sativa (Crippa et al., 2010; Mechoulam et al., 1970; Zuardi, 2008), was initially believed to lack psychoactive actions.”
Tambaro, S., & Bortolato, M. (2011) · Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157488912798842269 · Cited by 93
“In contrast with THC, CBD is not psychotropic, but has nevertheless been shown to play a role in the modulation of behavioral effects of cannabis [11].”
BackgroundLatest advances in cannabinoid receptor agonists
Thakur, G. A., Tichkule, R. B., Bajaj, S., & Makriyannis, A. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1517/13543770903436505 · Cited by 87
“Cannabidiol (5, (-)-CBD, Figure 1) is the most abundant, non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis and has received significant interest, especially in last 5 years [53].”
BackgroundFagherazzi, E. V., Garcia, V. A., Maurmann, N., Bervanger, T., Halmenschlager, L. H., Busato, S. B., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A., & Schröder, N. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2449-3 · Cited by 87
“A host of actions, including anticonvulsive, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective, have been demonstrated inbothclinicaland preclinical studies (fora review, see Zuardi 2008 ).”
BackgroundCannabidiol Drugs Clinical Trial Outcomes and Adverse Effects
Pauli, C. S., Conroy, M., Heuvel, B. D. V., & Park, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00063 · Cited by 90
“Leehey's study suggested improvements in cognition, depression, and emotional issues associated with PD, another group investigated the anti-psychotic effects of CBD in a small group of PD patients with psychosis (n=6) (Zuardi, 2008; Zuardi et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRéus, G. Z., Stringari, R. B., Ribeiro, K. F., Luft, T., Abelaira, H. M., Fries, G. R., Aguiar, B. W., Kapczinski, F., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., et al. (2011) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00579.x · Cited by 86
“Cannabidiol is a drug with multiple mechanisms of action (15), including anti-inflammatory effects (16–18), antioxidative and anti-cancer actions (19–21), neuroprotective effects (22–24), regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels (25) and it ameliorates the manifestations of diabetes (26,27).”
BackgroundUso terapêutico dos canabinoides em psiquiatria
Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462010000500009 · Cited by 93
Robson, P. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2011.575778 · Cited by 84
“It does not produce psychotropic, anxiogenic or sedative effects and appears to act synergistically with THC, antagonizing its psychotropic, anxiogenic and sedative activity [27].”
BackgroundMurase, R., Kawamura, R., Singer, E. A., Pakdel, A., Sarma, P., Judkins, J., Elwakeel, E., Dayal, S., Martínez-Martínez, E., Mukkanti, A., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12803 · Cited by 89
“CBD has been reported to have a wide variety of therapeutic indications and has been shown to be non-toxic, safe and well-tolerated in clinical trials (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundHallak, J. E. C., Dursun, S. M., Bosi, D. C., de Macedo, L. R. H., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Abrão, J., Crippa, J. A. S., McGuire, P., Krystal, J. H., Baker, G. B., et al. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.002 · Cited by 83
“In animals, many effects of CBD exhibit a biphasic or bell-shaped dose– response relationship, including the anxiolytic, antiemetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundZuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2495-x · Cited by 84
Cannabis for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Naftali, T., Mechulam, R., Schleider, L. B., & Konikoff, F. M. (2014) · Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1159/000358155 · Cited by 82
Cannabinoids: Novel Medicines for the Treatment of Huntingtons Disease
Sagredo, O., Pazos, M. R., Valdeolivas, S., & Fernández‐Ruíz, J. (2011) · Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157488912798842278 · Cited by 82
“no development of tolerance, no psychoactive effects as it poorly binds CB1 receptors [51]).”
BackgroundKozela, E., Juknat, A., Gao, F., Kaushansky, N., Coppola, G., & Vogel, Z. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0603-x · Cited by 84
“Moreover, CBD proved to have very low toxicity when examined in humans [6].”
BackgroundEffects of acute systemic administration of cannabidiol on sleep-wake cycle in rats
Chagas, M. H. N., Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Machado‐de‐Sousa, J. P., Hirotsu, C., Maia, L. O., Tufik, S. B., & Andersen, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112474524 · Cited by 81
“Despite the fact that subjective and objective measures are being compared here, it seems likely that these differences are a manifestation of the wellknown biphasic effect of CBD (stimulatory at low doses and sedating at high doses) (Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe case for assessing cannabidiol in epilepsy
Cilio, M. R., Thiele, E. A., & Devinsky, O. (2014) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12635 · Cited by 80
Evaluation of Serum Cytokines Levels and the Role of Cannabidiol Treatment in Animal Model of Asthma
Vuolo, F. S., Petronilho, F. C., Sonai, B., Ritter, C., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A. S., & Dal‐Pizzol, F. (2015) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2015/538670 · Cited by 80
“once a day during the last two days of the OVA challenge at the dose of 5mg/kg [10].”
BackgroundPitfalls in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in cannabis inflorescence
Citti, C., Russo, F., Sgrò, S., Gallo, A., Zanotto, A., Forni, F., Vandelli, M. A., Laganà, A., Montone, C. M., Gigli, G., et al. (2020) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02554-3 · Cited by 79
Feinshtein, V., Erez, O., Ben‐Zvi, Z., Eshkoli, T., Sheizaf, B., Sheiner, E., & Holcberg, G. (2013) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.08.005 · Cited by 77
Enhancement of specialized metabolites using CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology in medicinal plants
Das, S., Kwon, M., & Kim, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1279738 · Cited by 82
“The increasing need for the creation and accumulation of cannabinoids presents an opportunity for the development of FDA-approved cannabidiol (CBD) and a potential reduction in the production of THC, which has been linked to various adverse consequences (Pertwee, 2008; Zuardi, 2008; Russo, 2011).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zuardi, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
- Venue
- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
- Publisher
- EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 271-280
- ISSN
- 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2038532706
- Cited by
- 421
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Nigella sativa pharmacological applications
- Keywords
- cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, antiepileptic effect, anxiolytic effects, antipsychotic effects, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, nausea, therapeutic potential
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Mental Disorders, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Neuroprotective Agents, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
