Cited by 422Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchMedicinal Plant Extracts EffectsNigella sativa pharmacological applications

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Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action

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Zuardi, Antonio Waldo·2008·Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria

DOI 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300015

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to describe the historical development of research on cannabidiol. METHOD: This review was carried out on reports drawn from Medline, Web of Science and SciELO. DISCUSSION: After the elucidation of the chemical structure of cannabidiol in 1963, the initial studies showed that cannabidiol was unable to mimic the effects of Cannabis. In the 1970's the number of publications on cannabidiol reached a first peak, having the research focused mainly on the interaction with delta9-THC and its antiepileptic and sedative effects. The following two decades showed lower degree of interest, and the potential therapeutic properties of cannabidiol investigated were mainly the anxiolytic, antipsychotic and on motor diseases effects. The last five years have shown a remarkable increase in publications on cannabidiol mainly stimulated by the discovery of its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. These studies have suggested a wide range of possible therapeutic effects of cannabidiol on several conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory diseases, nausea and cancer. CONCLUSION: In the last 45 years it has been possible to demonstrate that CBD has a wide range of pharmacological effects, many of which being of great therapeutic interest, but still waiting to be confirmed by clinical trials.

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MK-801-induced deficits in social recognition in rats
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“Interestingly, CBD behaved like a typical antipsychotic and reversed apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviour in rats (Zuardi et al., 1991), was not effective against MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion (Gururajan et al., 2011) and attenuated dexamphetamine-dependent hyperactivity only when…”
Background
Pharmacologic Effects of Cannabidiol on Acute Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in Rabbits
Feng, Y., Chen, F., Yin, T., Xia, Q., Liu, Y., Huang, G., Zhang, J., Oyen, R., & Ni, Y. (2015) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000000287 · Cited by 44
“In contrast to the major cannabinoid, D9-tetrahydrocannabinol, CBD binds very weakly to CB1 and CB2 receptors, and it does not induce psychoactive or cognitive effects.(5,8) However, CBD has exhibited multiple pharmacological actions; it has exhibited anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammato…”
Background
Cannabinoids: The Lows and the Highs of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Mortimer, T. L., Mabin, T., & Engelbrecht, A. (2019) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon-2018-0530 · Cited by 43
Metabolic Engineering Strategies of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Brief Review of the Advances and Challenges
Deguchi, M., Kane, S., Potlakayala, S. D., George, H. S., Proano, R., Sheri, V., Curtis, W. R., & Rudrabhatla, S. V. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.580621 · Cited by 44
“Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which has been associated with numerous side effects (Russo, 2011), CBD has an extremely safe profile in humans (Pertwee, 2008; Zuardi, 2008).”
Background
[Pharmacological exploitation of the endocannabinoid system: new perspectives for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders?].
Saito, V. M., Wotjak, C. T., & Moreira, F. A. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Impact of enzymatic and alkaline hydrolysis on CBD concentration in urine
Bergamaschi, M. M., Barnes, A. J., Queiróz, R. H. C., Hurd, Y. L., & Huestis, M. A. (2013) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-6837-x · Cited by 43
Potential Effects of Cannabidiol as a Wake-Promoting Agent
Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., Sarro-Ramírez, A., Sanchez, D., Mijangos-Moreno, S., Tejeda-Padrón, A., Poot-Aké, A., Guzmán, K., Pacheco-Pantoja, E. L., & Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2014) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x11666131204235805 · Cited by 42
“Whereas Δ(9)-THCis the psychoactive molecule that binds to the CB1cannabinoid receptor and induces behavioral, neurochemical and molecular effects [3]; CBD does not promote psychotropic disturbances [4].”
Background
Cannabinoid effects on ventilation and breathlessness: A pilot study of efficacy and safety
Pickering, E. E., Semple, S. J. G., Nazir, M. S., Murphy, K., Snow, T. M., Cummin, A. R. C., Moosavi, S. H., Guz, A., & Holdcroft, A. (2011) · Chronic Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1177/1479972310391283 · Cited by 42
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown CBD attenuated the responses in the amygdala and cingulate cortex to fearful stimuli.(15) Thus, we used a cannabinoid preparation containing an equivalent amount of cannabidiol as well as THC for its direct effects and because it may ameliorate THC effects promoting anxi…”
Method
Cannabidiol affects circadian clock core complex and its regulation in microglia cells
Lafaye, G., Desterke, C., Marulaz, L., & Benyamina, A. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12660 · Cited by 43
“CBD has a waking effect at low doses and rather sedative at high doses (Zuardi 2008; Murillo-Rodríguez et al. 2014).”
Background
Cannabidiol-induced lymphopenia does not involve NKT and NK cells.
Ignatowska-Jankowska, B. M., Jankowski, M. M., Glac, W., & Swiergel, A. H. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 40
The effects of acute cannabidiol on cerebral blood flow and its relationship to memory: An arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging study
Bloomfield, M., Green, S. F., Hindocha, C., Yamamori, Y., Yim, J. L., Jones, A., Walker, H. R., Tokarczuk, P. F., Statton, B. K., Howes, O. D., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120936419 · Cited by 42
“Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main constituents of cannabis and is gaining interest for its broad therapeutic potential (Campos et al., 2016; Devinsky et al., 2014; Freeman et al., 2019; Zuardi, 2008).”
Background
Phytocompounds and Nanoformulations for Anticancer Therapy: A Review
Bozzuto, G., Calcabrini, A., Colone, M., Condello, M., Dupuis, M. L., Pellegrini, E., & Stringaro, A. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29163784 · Cited by 42
Addressing the stimulant treatment gap: A call to investigate the therapeutic benefits potential of cannabinoids for crack-cocaine use
Fischer, B., Kuganesan, S., Gallassi, A. D., Malcher‐Lopes, R., van den Brink, W., & Wood, E. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.09.005 · Cited by 41
“…a considerable number and variety of animal and human studies exist which examine the effects of cannabis-based products on various diseases or symptoms (Ben Amar, 2006; Fischer et al., 2015; Hoffmann & Weber, 2010; Koppel et al., 2014; Robson, 2014; Whiting et al., 2015; Zuardi, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Cannabidiol Exposure During Neuronal Differentiation Sensitizes Cells Against Redox-Active Neurotoxins
Schönhofen, P., de Medeiros, L. M., Bristot, I. J., Lopes, F. M., Bastiani, M. A. D., Kapczinski, F. P., Crippa, J. A. S., Castro, M. A. A., Parsons, R. B., & Klamt, F. (2014) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-014-8843-1 · Cited by 39
Biological bases for a possible effect of cannabidiol in Parkinson’s disease
Ferreira‐Junior, N. C., Campos, A. C., Guimarães, F. S., Bel, E. A. D., Zimmermann, P. M. D. R., Brum, L., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., & Zuardi, A. W. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0460 · Cited by 44
Oral medicinal cannabinoids to relieve symptom burden in the palliative care of patients with advanced cancer: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety of 1:1 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)
Hardy, J., Haywood, A., Gogna, G., Martin, J. H., Yates, P., Greer, R., & Good, P. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04541-6 · Cited by 33
Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms induced by the recall of traumatic events in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder
Bolsoni, L. M., Crippa, J. A. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Guimarães, F. S., & Zuardi, A. W. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06043-y · Cited by 41
“Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid devoid of the psychotomimetic effects of the Cannabis sativa plant (Zuardi et al. 1982; Zuardi 2008), could mediate the processing of aversive memories.”
Background
The Protective Mechanism of Cannabidiol in Cardiac Injury: A Systematic Review of Non-Clinical Studies
Shayesteh, M. R. H., Haghi‐Aminjan, H., Mousavi, M. J., Momtaz, S., & Abdollahi, M. R. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/2210327909666190710103103 · Cited by 35
Phytocannabinoids: General Aspects and Pharmacological Potential in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Franco, G. D. R. R., Smid, S. D., & Viegas, C. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200720172624 · Cited by 37
Cannabidiol Interacts Antagonistically with Cisplatin and Additively with Mitoxantrone in Various Melanoma Cell Lines—An Isobolographic Analysis
Marzęda, P., Wróblewska-Łuczka, P., Drozd, M., Florek-Łuszczki, M., Załuska-Ogryzek, K., & Łuszczki, J. J. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23126752 · Cited by 34
“For instance, THC demonstrates anxiolytic, antiepileptic, antipsychotic effect, reduces inflammation and acts as a neuroprotective agent [9,10].”
Background
Update on Cannabidiol Clinical Toxicity and Adverse Effects: A Systematic Review
Madeo, G., Kapoor, A., Giorgetti, R., Busardò, F. P., & Carlier, J. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230322143401 · Cited by 43
“…have also investigated CBD as a potential treatment for diabetes [14], fatty liver disease [15], insomnia [16, 17], psychosis [18, 19], autism [20, 21], chronic pain [22], cancer [23], and neurodegenerative disor-1875-6190 ders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [24-26].”
Background
Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in combination cancer therapy
Malhotra, P., Casari, I., & Falasca, M. (2021) · Advances in Biological Regulation · doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100774 · Cited by 33
“Another cannabis compound, cannabidiol (CBD), has drawn medical attention due to its non-psychotropic nature and its ability to neutralise the effects of THC (Zuardi, 2008; Zuardi et al., 1982; Bhattacharyya et al., 2010; Hudson et al., 2019).”
Background
Interactions between recreational cannabis use and cognitive function: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging
Sagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13990 · Cited by 36
Marijuana Compounds: A Nonconventional Approach to Parkinson’s Disease Therapy
Babayeva, M., Assefa, H., Basu, P., Chumki, S. R., & Loewy, Z. G. (2016) · Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1155/2016/1279042 · Cited by 38
“While CBD is a nonpsychoactive compound and has been shown to have hypnotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects [5], THC is a partial agonist at the”
Receptor-dependent and receptor-independent endocannabinoid signaling: A therapeutic target for regulation of cancer growth
Dross, R. V., Soliman, E., Jha, S., Johnson, T., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2012) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.025 · Cited by 31
Priority Considerations for Medicinal Cannabis-Related Research
Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Pollack, C. V., Casarett, D., Dart, R. C., ElSohly, M. A., Good, L. I., Guzmán, M., Hanuš, L., Hill, K. P., Huestis, M. A., et al. (2019) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2019.0045 · Cited by 32
Cannabidiol reduces withdrawal symptoms in nicotine-dependent rats
Smith, L. C., Tieu, L., Suhandynata, R. T., Boomhower, B., Hoffman, M. A., Sepulveda, Y. J., Carrette, L. L. G., Momper, J. D., Fitzgerald, R. L., Hanham, K., et al. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05845-4 · Cited by 33
“2008; Zuardi 2008).”
Background
THC and CBD Fingerprinting of an Elite Cannabis Collection from Iran: Quantifying Diversity to Underpin Future Cannabis Breeding
Dehnavi, M. M., Ebadi, A., Peirovi, A., Taylor, G., & Salami, S. A. (2022) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants11010129 · Cited by 31
Prevalence of Cannabinoid Use in Patients With Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
Deckey, D. G., Lara, N. J., Gulbrandsen, M. T., Hassebrock, J. D., Spangehl, M. J., & Bingham, J. S. (2021) · JAAOS Global Research and Reviews · doi:10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00172 · Cited by 29
Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in Psychiatric Illness
Katzman, M. A., Furtado, M., & Anand, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000581 · Cited by 30
Development of Water-Soluble Electrospun Fibers for the Oral Delivery of Cannabinoids
Andriotis, E. G., Chachlioutaki, K., Monou, P. K., Bouropoulos, N., Tzetzis, D., Barmpalexis, P., Chang, M., Ahmad, Z., & Fatouros, D. G. (2021) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-020-01895-7 · Cited by 32
Optimization of recombinant β‐glucuronidase hydrolysis and quantification of eight urinary cannabinoids and metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Sempio, C., Scheidweiler, K. B., Barnes, A. J., & Huestis, M. A. (2017) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.2230 · Cited by 29
Exploração farmacológica do sistema endocanabinoide: novas perspectivas para o tratamento de transtornos de ansiedade e depressão?
Saito, V. M., Wotjak, C. T., & Moreira, F. A. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462010000500004 · Cited by 34
Topical Cannabinoids for Treating Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy: A Case Series
D’Andre, S. D., McAllister, S. D., Nagi, J., Giridhar, K. V., Ruiz-Macias, E., & Loprinzi, C. L. (2021) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/15347354211061739 · Cited by 27
Cannabidiol administration into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis alters cardiovascular responses induced by acute restraint stress through 5-HT1A receptor
Gomes, F. V., Alves, F. H. F., Guimarães, F. S., Correa, F. M. A., Resstel, L. B. M., & Crestani, C. C. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.09.007 · Cited by 27
“Numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that systemic administration of CBD has an antiaversive action and induces antipsychotic, antidepressive and anxiolytic effects (Guimaraes et al., 1990; Zuardi et al., 1993; Zuardi et al., 1995; Zuardi, 2008).”
Background
Peripubertal treatment with cannabidiol prevents the emergence of psychosis in an animal model of schizophrenia
Peres, F. F., Diana, M. C., Suiama, M. A., Justi, V., Almeida, V., Bressan, R. A., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E., Crippa, J. A., & Abilio, V. C. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.004 · Cited by 26
“However, despite the growing evidence of CBD's neuroprotective effects (Zuardi, 2008) and therapeutic application in schizophrenia, so far no study has addressed its potential as a preventive intervention.”
Background
Observational Safety Study of THC: CBD Oromucosal Spray (Sativex) in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Spasticity
Guevara, C. O. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.4172/2161-1459.1000184 · Cited by 26
“CBD has a different profile of cannabinoid receptor activity and has been shown to ameliorate the anxiogenic, psychoactive and sedative effects of THC [9-11].”
Background
Enhancing Endocannabinoid Control of Stress with Cannabidiol
Henson, J. D., Vitetta, L., Quezada, M., & Hall, S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10245852 · Cited by 32
Preparation and Evaluation of Directly Compressible Orally Disintegrating Tablets of Cannabidiol Formulated Using Liquisolid Technique
Limpongsa, E., Tabboon, P., Pongjanyakul, T., & Jaipakdee, N. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112407 · Cited by 26
Health Benefits of Functional Foods
Jurek, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences · doi:10.37871/jbres1598 · Cited by 31
Cannabinoids and sleep-wake cycle: The potential role of serotonin
Vaseghi, S., Arjmandi-Rad, S., Nasehi, M., & Zarrindast, M. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113440 · Cited by 24
Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection
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Non-Phytocannabinoid Constituents of Cannabis and Herbal Synergy
McPartland, J. M., & Russo, E. B. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.003.0015 · Cited by 26
Novel inverse agonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6
Laun, A. S., Shrader, S. H., & Song, Z.-H. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00933 · Cited by 25
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Targets for adjunctive therapy in pneumococcal meningitis
Barichello, T., Collodel, A., Generoso, J. S., Simões, L. R., Moreira, A. P., Ceretta, R. A., Petronilho, F. C., & Quevedo, J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.015 · Cited by 24
“Cannabidiol is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid component derived from the Cannabis sativa plant (Izzo et al., 2009) and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective properties and analgesic effects (Zuardi, 2008).”
Background
Variability of cannabis potency in the Venice area (Italy): A survey over the period 2010–2012
Zamengo, L., Frison, G., Bettin, C., & Sciarrone, R. (2013) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1515 · Cited by 24
Cannabis sativa: a planta que pode produzir efeitos indesejáveis e também tratá-los
Zuardi, A. W., Crippa, J. A. S., & Hallak, J. E. C. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462010000500001 · Cited by 24
Biochemical aspects and therapeutic mechanisms of cannabidiol in epilepsy
Boleti, A. P. D. A., Frihling, B. E. F., Silva, P. S. E., Cardoso, P. H. D. O., de Moraes, L. F. R. N., Rodrigues, T. A. A., Biembengute, M. E. F., Koolen, H. H. F., & Migliolo, L. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.027 · Cited by 24
Increased 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol levels normalize cortical responses to sound and improve behaviors in Fmr1 KO mice
Pirbhoy, P. S., Jonak, C. R., Syed, R., Argueta, D. A., Perez, P. A., Wiley, M. B., Hessamian, K., Lovelace, J. W., Razak, K. A., DiPatrizio, N. V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09394-x · Cited by 24
Antioxidant Properties of Hemp Proteins: From Functional Food to Phytotherapy and Beyond
Zhang, J., Griffin, J., Li, Y., Wang, D., & Wang, W. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27227924 · Cited by 27
Molecular Mechanisms of Cannabis Signaling in the Brain
Ronan, P. J., Wongngamnit, N., & Beresford, T. P. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.002 · Cited by 25

Authors: Zuardi, A. W.
Affiliations: Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Venue: Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria
Publisher: EDITORA SCIENTIFIC
Published: 2008-09
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 271-280
ISSN: 1516-4446 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300015
OpenAlex: W2038532706
Cited by: 421
References: 116
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 13.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (publishedVersion)
Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plant Extracts Effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Nigella sativa pharmacological applications
Keywords: cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, antiepileptic effect, anxiolytic effects, antipsychotic effects, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, nausea, therapeutic potential
MeSH terms: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Antineoplastic Agents, Antioxidants, Mental Disorders, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Neuroprotective Agents, Biomedical Research

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Cannabidiol: from an inactive cannabinoid to a drug with wide spectrum of action

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