CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 20Water Resource Management and QualityWater Governance and InfrastructureGender, Education, and Development Issues

Shifting the focus from women to gender relations: Assessing the impacts of water supply interventions in the Morni–Shiwalik hills of northwest India.

Open access
Narain, Vishal·2014·Mountain Research and Development
DOI 10.1659/mrd-journal-d-13-00104.1
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The present article argues for better assessing how drinking water supply interventions affect gender relations. This requires going beyond conventional “water burden” indicators such as time spent collecting water or distances walked to a water source. Based on research in the Shivalik hills of northwest India, the article shows how men's expectations of water uses changed when interventions brought piped water supplies to the area. Though the interventions reduced the distance women walked to reach water sources and the drudgery of negotiating steep mountain slopes, there was an increase in the volume of water women were expected to carry. Following the interventions, men began performing many water-use functions in the privacy of their homes rather than at public water sources, and women were forced to carry more water home for these purposes. The decline of common property resource institutions also resulted in greater dependence on piped water supplies, further increasing the volume of water women must carry. Employing a qualitative research design relying on semistructured interviews, direct observation, and participatory rural appraisal tools, the study described here makes a case for more qualitative assessments of water supply interventions' impacts on mountain women's quality of life. This would yield a better understanding of women's water burdens.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1659/mrd-journal-d-13-00104.1

Cites

26 of 26 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs; they leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, jump water queues, get water from private wells, haul water using carts, receive improved home water access, wait on water deliveries, or get

    “Women formed and maintained social connections when collecting water [57,78,110,115,153,279] and relied on social capital from family, friends, and community members for multiple water needs.They leveraged social capital to access water when queues were long or water was scarce, [61,110,114,164,165,179,198,279] jump water queues, [168, 179] get water from private wells, [279] haul water using”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [279]

  • Norms of femininity and masculinity were found to be more fluid among lower castes in northwest India, enabling men to help women with water collection more easily than men in upper caste households.

    “Norms of femininity and masculinity were found to be more fluid among lower castes in northwest India, enabling men to help women with water collection more easily than men in upper caste households [279].”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [279]

  • In India, lower caste women were expected to give priority water access to women from upper castes, particularly when water was scarce.

    “In India, lower caste women were expected to give priority water access to women from upper castes, particularly when water was scarce, [279]”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [279]

  • In Bangladesh, India, and Uganda, relationships could be strained or unreliable when water was scarce.

    “In Bangladesh, [110] India, [279] and Uganda [165] women relied on social networks to access water, but noted that relationships could be strained or unreliable when water was scarce.”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [279]

  • In Bangladesh, India, and Uganda, women relied on social networks to access water.

    “In Bangladesh, [110] India, [279] and Uganda [165] women relied on social networks to access water, but noted that relationships could be strained or unreliable when water was scarce.”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [279]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Joshi D. 2013. Women, water, class and gender: The rhetoric of reform in India's drinking water sector. In: Narain V, Goodrich CG, Chourey J, Prakash A, editors. Globalization of Water Governance in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Routledge, pp 35-52.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Narain, V.
Affiliations
Management Development Institute (IN)
Corresponding author
Narain, Vishal
ORCID
Narain, Vishal
Venue
Mountain Research and Development
Publisher
International Mountain Society (IMS) and United Nations University
Published
2014-08
Volume
34
Issue
3
Pages
208-213
ISSN
  • 0276-4741 (ISSN-L)
  • 1994-7151
DOI
10.1659/mrd-journal-d-13-00104.1
OpenAlex
W2030865466
Cited by
20
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2014: 1
FWCI
0.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Mountain Research and Development (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • United Nations Population Fund
  • International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
  • Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
Keywords
gender relations, piped water, water carrying, mountain women, quality of life, Shivalik Hills, impact assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review