Cited by 293Digital Economy and TransformationICT Impact and PoliciesEconomic Growth and Development

OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015

Open access
OECD·2015·OECD Digital Economy Outlook

Abstract

The digital economy now permeates countless aspects of the world economy, impacting sectors as varied as banking, retail, energy, transportation, education, publishing, media or health. Information and Communication Technologies are transforming the ways social interactions and personal relationships are conducted, with fixed, mobile and broadcast networks converging, and devices and objects increasingly connected to form the Internet of things. This report assesses how countries can maximise the potential of the digital economy as a driver for innovation and inclusive growth, and discusses the evolutions in the digital economy that policy makers need to consider as well as the emerging challenges they need to address as a part of national digital strategies. Chapters include an overview of the current status and outlook of the digital economy; the main trends in the ICT sector, and developments in communication and regulation policy; and overviews of ICT demand and adoption, plus the effects of the digital economy on growth and development. This volume also includes a chapter on developments related to trust in the digital economy and on the emerging Internet of things.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1787/9789264232440-en

Cites

73 of 99 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Several studies suggest that ICT leads to particularly high growth rates in various service sectors.

    “Several studies suggest that ICT leads to particularly high growth rates in various service sectors [91-93].”

    From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [93]

    The section “ICT usage is being promoted through e-government, training programmes and subsidies” reports studies linking ICT adoption to greater productivity and economic growth. “Trends in the ICT sector” says services increasingly drive growth within the ICT sector, but neither passage establishes particularly high growth rates across various service sectors. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Various micro-level studies suggest increased investments and profits for businesses due to digitalization.

    “In addition to these studies at the macro-level, various micro-level studies suggest increased investments and profits for businesses due to digitalization [28,91,93,95,156,157].”

    From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [93]

    The section “ICT usage is being promoted through e-government, training programmes and subsidies” (page unavailable) reports that several studies found positive effects of ICT adoption on firms’ productivity and performance. It does not report that digitalisation increased businesses’ investments or profits specifically; the investment passages concern policies and incentives rather than that study finding. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Different studies suggest that digitalization contributes to increased unemployment and polarization of income.

    “On the other hand, di erent studies suggest that digitalization contributes to increased unemployment, as well as a polarization of income [158-161].”

    From Digitalization and the Decoupling Debate: Can ICT Help to Reduce Environmental Impacts While the Economy Keeps Growing? (2020) · cites this paper as [161]

    The ‘Societal adjustment to the digital transformation’ section says automation may reduce employment in some occupations and that job platforms may widen the gender wage gap. It does not establish an overall increase in unemployment or a polarization of income; another passage says the overall employment effects are uncertain. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 62

  1. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2017a), "Making globalisation work: Better lives for all", 2017 Ministerial Council Statement, OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/mcm/ documents/C-MIN-2017-9-Final-EN.pdf. OECD (2017b), "Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-Being", MCM 2017 Document, www.oecd.org/mcm/documents/C-MIN-2017-4%20EN.pdf. References ACM (Authority for Consumers and Markets) (2015), "IP interconnection in the Netherlands: A regulatory assessment", Authority for Consumers and Markets, The Hague, www.acm.nl/nl/publicaties/ publicatie/14769/Onderzoek-IP-interconnectie-in-Nederland (accessed 9 May 2017).
  2. Adalet McGowan, M. and D. Andrews (2015), "Skill mismatch and public policy in OECD countries", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1 210, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi. org/10.1787/5js1pzw9lnwk-en. · DOI
  3. Bourassa, F. et al. (2016), "Developments in international mobile roaming", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 249, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jm01sq78vmx-en. · DOI
  4. DeStefano, T., k. de Backer and l. Moussiegt (2017), "Determinants of digital technology use by companies", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 40, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/a9b53784-en. EC (European Commission) (2017a), "European legislation on reuse of public sector information", European Commission, Brussels, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/european-legislation- reuse-public-sector-information (accessed 4 April 2017). · DOI
  5. European Parliament and European Council (2015), "Regulation (Eu) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on laying Down Measures Concerning Open Internet Access and Amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal Service and users' Rights Relating to Electronic Communications Networks and Services and Regulation (Eu) No. 521/2012 on Roaming on Public Mobile Communication Networks Within the union", Official Journal of the European Union, 26 November, l 310/1, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32015R2120.
  6. European Parliament and European Council (2014), "Directive 2014/61/Eu of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on Measures to Reduce the Cost of Deploying High-Speed Electronic Communications Networks", Official Journal of the European Union, 23 May, l 155/1, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/61/oj (accessed 9 May 2017).
  7. Grazzi, M. and J. Jung (2016), "ICT, innovation and productivity: Evidence from latin American firms", in: Firms' Innovation and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Engine of Economic Development, Palgrave, New York.
  8. Akamai (2017), "Akamai state of the Internet IPv6 adoption", Akamai, Cambridge, Massachusetts, https:// www.akamai.com/uk/en/our-thinking/state-of-the-internet-report/state-of-the-internet-ipv6-adoption- visualization.jsp.
  9. Akamai (2016), "Akamai's state of the Internet report: Q1 2016 report", Akamai, Cambridge, Massachusetts, www.akamai.com/us/en/multimedia/documents/state-of-the-internet/akamai-state-of-the-internet- report-q1-2016.pdf.
  10. Chevrolet (2016), "Chevrolet lowers 4G lTE data pricing up to 50 percent", press release, 29 June, http://media.chevrolet.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/ jun/0629-onstarData.html (accessed 19 October 2016).
  11. kPN (2016), "The Netherlands has first nationwide loRa network for Internet of Things", press release, 30 June, kPN, The Hague, https://www.kpn.com (accessed 22 September 2016).
  12. OECD DIGITAl ECONOMY OuTlOOk 2017 © OECD 2017 OECD (2015), OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264232440-en.
  13. Richter, P. et al. (2016), "Beyond counting: New perspectives on the active IPv4 address space", ICM 2016 Proceedings, 14-16 November, Santa Monica, California, https://net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/~prichter/ imc174-richterA.pdf.
  14. Sigfox (2017), "Sigfox and Telefónica strike global deal to offer IoT services worldwide", press release, 22 March, www.sigfox.com/en/news/sigfox-and-telefonica-strike-global-deal-offer-iot-services-worldwide (accessed 6 April 2017).
  15. Sk Telecom (2016), "Sk Telecom commercializes nationwide loRa network for IoT", press release, 7 April, www.sktelecom.com/en/press/detail.do?idx=1172.
  16. European Commission (2014), "E-Skills for jobs in Europe: Measuring progress and moving ahead", European Commission, www.researchgate.net/publication/265972686_e-Skills_for_Jobs_in_Europe_ Measuring_Progress_and_Moving_Ahead (accessed 29 August 2017).
  17. Agrawal, A. et al. (2015), "Digitization and the contract labour market: A research agenda", Chapter 8 in:
  18. Goldfarb, A., S. Greenstein and C. Tucker (eds.), Economic Analysis of the Digital Economy, pp. 219-250, www.nber.org/chapters/c12988.
  19. Arntz, M., T. Gregory and u. Zierahn (2016), "The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en. · DOI
  20. Autor, D.H. (2013), "The 'task approach' to labor markets: An overview", Journal for Labour Market Research, Vol. 46/3, pp. 185-199.
  21. Autor, D.H. and D. Dorn (2013), "The growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the u.S. labor market", American Economic Review, Vol. 103/5, pp. 1 553-1 597, www.jstor.org/stable/42920623.
  22. Autor, D.H., l.F. katz and M.S. kearney (2008), "Trends in uS wage inequality: Revising the revisionists", The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 90(2), pp. 300-323.
  23. Barua, A., D. Mani and R. Mukherjee (2013), "Impacts of effective data on business innovation and growth", Chapter 2 of a three-part study, university of Texas at Austin (accessed 20 May 2015).
  24. Becker, M.B. (2012), "Interoperability case study: Cloud computing", The Berkman Center for Internet & Society Research Publication, No. 2012-11, April, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2046987.
  25. Brynjolfsson, E., l.M. Hitt and H.H. kim (2011), "Strength in numbers: How does data-driven decisionmaking affect firm performance?", Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1819486.
  26. Brynjolfsson, E. and A. McAfee (2011), Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy, Digital Frontier Press, lexington, Mass.
  27. Byrne, D. and C. Corrado (2016), "ICT asset prices: Marshaling evidence into new measures", Conference Board Economics Program Working Paper Series, No. 16-06.
  28. CEPS (Centre for European Policy Studies) (2014), "Shaping the integrated infrastructures of cities", presentation at the IEC CEPS workshop on "Orchestrating Smart City Efficiency", Centre for European Policy Studies.
  29. Coase, R.H. (1960), "The problem of social cost", The Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. III, pp. 1-44, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sres.3850090105/abstract. · DOI
  30. e-control (2011), "Next steps for smart grids: Europe's future electricity system will save money and energy", press summary, www.e-control.at/documents/20903/-/-/633895a3-d5d0-4866-865c-26b785bd1d0d (accessed 29 August 2017).European Data Portal (2017), "Datasets", www.europeandataportal.eu/data/ dataset?groups=regions-and-cities (accessed 20 June 2017).
  31. Frischmann, B.M. (2014), "Human-focused turing tests: A framework for judging nudging and techno-social engineering of human beings", Cardozo Legal Studies Research Papers, No. 441, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.2499760. · DOI
  32. Goos, G. et al. (2011), The Future of the Internet, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 431-447, www.springer. com/la/book/9783642208973#aboutBook.
  33. Gordon, R.J. (2016), The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, Princeton Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  34. Heinen, S. et al. (2011), "Impact of smart grid technologies on peak load to 2050", IEA Energy Papers, No. 2011/11, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg5dlknt48s-en. · DOI
  35. Nordås, H.k. and D. Rouzet (2015), "The impact of services trade restrictiveness on trade flows: First estimates", OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 178, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 5js6ds9b6kjb-en. · DOI
  36. OECD (2014a), Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ entrepreneur_aag-2014-en. OECD (2014b), Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies, OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/ gov/digital-government/Recommendation-digital-government-strategies.pdf. OECD (2014c), "Services Trade Restrictiveness Index: Policy brief", OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/tad/ services-trade/STRI%20Policy%20Brief_ENG.pdf. OECD (2013a), Supporting Investment in Knowledge Capital, Growth and Innovation, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264193307-en. · DOI
  37. Radermacher, F.J. and B. Beyers (2007), Welt mit Zukunft -Überleben im 21. Jahrhundert [World with a future -Surviving in the 21st century], Murmann Verlag, Hamburg (2nd edition of Welt mit Zukunft -Die Ökosoziale Perspektive, 2001).
  38. Schaffers, H. et al. (2011), "Smart cities and the future Internet: Towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation", in: Goos, G. et al. (2011), The Future of the Internet, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg pp. 431-447, www.springer.com/la/book/9783642208973#aboutBook.
  39. Schimmelpfennig, D. and R. Ebel (2016), "Sequential adoption and cost savings from precision agriculture", Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 41/1, pp. 97-115, http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2714959.
  40. Singh, k. et al. (2016), "Developing a framework for evaluating the patient engagement, quality, and safety of mobile health applications", Issues Brief, The Commonwealth Fund, www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/26934758 (accessed 12 April 2017).
  41. Spiezia, V. (2011), "Are ICT users more innovative?: An analysis of ICT-enabled innovation in OECD firms", OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Vol. 2011/1, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ eco_studies-2011-5kg2d2hkn6vg. · DOI
  42. uNCTAD (united Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2009), "Manual for the production of statistics on the information economy: 2009 revised edition", uNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2007/2/REV.1, united Nations, New York and Geneva, http://unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20072rev1_en.pdf.
  43. uNDESA (united Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2017), World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, DVD Edition, united Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York.
  44. Edwards, B., S. Hofmeyr and S. Forrest (2014), "Hype and heavy tails: A closer look at data breaches", Workshop on the Economics of Information Security, www.econinfosec.org/archive/weis2015/papers/ WEIS_2015_edwards.pdf.
  45. EC (2014), Study on Online Consumer Reviews in the Hotel Sector: Executive Summary, a study by Risk & Policy Analysts (RPA) ltd, CSES and EPRD, European union, http://dx.doi.org/10.2772/32069. · DOI
  46. ICPEN (International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network) (2016), Online Reviews & Endorsements: ICPEN Guidelines for Review Administrators, International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network. International Cyber Security Protection Alliance (2013), "Study of the impact of cyber crime on businesses in Canada", International Cyber Security Protection Alliance, Buckinghamshire, united kingdom, https://www.icspa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/ICSPA-Canada-Cyber-Crime-Study-Report.pdf. OECD DIGITAl ECONOMY OuTlOOk 2017 © OECD 2017 Internet Society (2016), "Global Internet report 2016: The economics of building trust online: Preventing data breaches", Internet Society, www.internetsociety.org/globalinternetreport/2016. (ISC) 2 (2015), "The 2015 (ISC) 2 global information security workforce study", white paper, Frost & Sullivan, (ISC)², and Booz Allen Hamilton, https://www.boozallen.com/content/dam/boozallen/documents/ Viewpoints/2015/04/frostsullivan-ISC2-global-information-security-workforce-2015.pdf.
  47. Mayer, R.C., J.H. Davis and F.D. Schoorman (1995), "An integrative model of organizational trust", The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20/3, pp. 709-734, www.jstor.org/stable/258792.
  48. NTIA (National Telecommunications and Information Administration) (2016), "lack of trust in Internet privacy and security may deter economic and other online activities", National Telecommunications and Information Administration, united States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 13 May, www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2016/lack-trust-internet-privacy-and-security-may-deter-economic-and-other-on- line-activities. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2016a), "The Internet of Things: Seizing the benefits and addressing the challenges", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 252, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwvzz8td0n-en. OECD (2016b), "Bridging policy silos to boost trust online", OECD Observer, No. 307, OECD, Paris, http://oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/5589/Bridging_policy_silos_to_boost_trust_online.html. OECD (2016c), "Stimulating digital innovation for growth and inclusiveness: The role of policies for the successful diffusion of ICT", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 256, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwqvhg3l31-en. OECD (2016d), Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-commerce, OECD, Paris, www.oecd. org/sti/consumer/ECommerce-Recommendation-2016.pdf. OECD (2016e), "Protecting consumers in peer platform markets: Exploring the issues", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 253, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwvz39m1zw-en. OECD (2016f), "Managing digital security and privacy risk", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 254, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwt49ccklt-en. OECD (2016g), "New forms of work in the digital economy", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 260, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlwnklt820x-en. · DOI
  49. OECD (2013), OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/oecdguidelinesontheprotectionofprivacyandtransborderflowsofpersonaldata. htm#recommendation. OECD (2011), "The evolving privacy landscape: 30 years after the OECD privacy guidelines", OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 176, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kgf09z90c31-en. OECD (2003), OECD Guidelines for Protecting Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial Practices Across Borders, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264103573-en-fr. · DOI
  50. uNCTAD (united Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2016), "uNCTAD B2C E-commerce Index 2016", UNCTAD Technical Notes on ICT for Development, No. 7, united Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, April, http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/tn_unctad_ict4d07_ en.pdf. OECD DIGITAl ECONOMY OuTlOOk 2017 © OECD 2017
  51. Arntz, M., T. Gregory and u. Zierahn (2016), "The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 189, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en. · DOI
  52. Blockchain (n.d. b), "Confirmed transactions per day", webpage, https://blockchain.info/charts/n-transactions.
  53. Bonneau, J. et al. (2015), "Research perspectives and challenges for Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies", Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 17-21 May 2015.
  54. Chen, k. et al. (2012), "Building high-level features using large scale unsupervised learning", July, v5, https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6209. · arXiv
  55. Iddo, B. et al. (2014), "Proof of activity: Extending Bitcoin's proof of work via proof of stake", ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, Vol. 42/3, pp. 34-37.
  56. James-lubin, k. (2015), "Blockchain scalability", O'Reilly Media, 21 January, www.oreilly.com/ideas/ blockchain-scalability.
  57. Narayanan, A. et al. (2016), Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, Princeton university Press.
  58. Nilsson, N. (2010), The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge, united kingdom.
  59. OECD (2016), "Summary of the CDEP Technology Foresight Forum: Economic and Social Implications of Artificial Intelligence", presentation materials of Professor Dr Susumu Hirano and Associate Professor Tatsuya kurosaka, OECD, Paris, http://oe.cd/ai2016. OECD (2015), Data-Driven Innovation: Big Data for Growth and Well-Being, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229358-en. · DOI
  60. Wachter, S., B. Mittelstadt and l. Floridi (2016), "Why a right to explanation of automated decision-making does not exist in the general data protection regulation", 28 December, International Data Privacy Law, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2903469.
  61. Wang, D. et al., "Deep learning for identifying metastatic breast cancer," 18 June, https://arxiv.org/ pdf/1606.05718v1.pdf.
  62. Werbach, k.D. (2016), "Trustless trust", https://ssrn.com/abstract=2844409.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
OECD
Corresponding author
OECD
Venue
OECD Digital Economy Outlook
Published
2015-07-15
ISSN
3008-1750 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4253491122
Cited by
272
References
74
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI
82.02
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • OECD Digital Economy Outlook (publishedVersion)
  • DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Economy and Transformation
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › ICT Impact and Policies
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Economic Growth and Development
Keywords
digital economy, information and communication technologies, digital economy policy, national digital strategy, inclusive growth, innovation, communication policy, regulatory policy, Internet of Things, economic growth and development

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review