Learning Text Similarity with Siamese Recurrent Networks

“In this equation and below the logistic function is denoted by σ The Long Short-Term Memory (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) variant of RNNs in particular has had success in tasks related to natural language processing, such as text classification (Graves, 2012) and language translation (Sutskever…”

“The parameters of the model are optimized using the Adam method (Kingma and Ba, 2014) and each model is trained until convergence.”

“, 2013) and Glove (Pennington et al., 2014) have seen much use in such models, but some go beyond the word level and represent text as a sequence of characters (Kim et”

“In the last few years, neural network models have been applied to tasks ranging from machine translation (Zou et al., 2013; Cho et al., 2014) to question answering (Weston et al.”

“For example, word similarity models based on dense embeddings (Mikolov et al., 2013) have recently been applied in diverse settings, such as sentiment analysis (dos Santos and Gatti, 2014) and recommender systems (Barkan and Koenig-stein, 2016).”

“…and below the logistic function is denoted by σ The Long Short-Term Memory (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) variant of RNNs in particular has had success in tasks related to natural language processing, such as text classification (Graves, 2012) and language translation (Sutskever et al., 2014).”

“(1) Bidirectional RNNs (Schuster and Paliwal, 1997) incorporate both future and past context by running the reverse of the input through a separate RNN.”

“The use of (deep) neural networks for NLP has recently received much attention, starting from the seminal papers employing convolutional networks on traditional NLP tasks (Collobert et al., 2011) and the availability of high quality semantic word representations (Mikolov et al., 2013).”

“Siamese convolutional networks were used to learn complex similarity metrics for face verification (Chopra et al., 2005) and dimensionality reduction on image features (Hadsell et al., 2006).”

“In this paper we take the latter approach for the flexibility it affords us in dealing with out-of-vocabulary words.”

“Siamese networks (Chopra et al., 2005) are dual-branch networks with tied weights, i.e., they consist of the same network copied and merged with an energy function.”

“Measuring the semantic similarity between texts is also fundamental problem in Information Extraction (IE) (Martin and Jurafsky, 2000).”

“In the last few years, neural network models have been applied to tasks ranging from machine translation (Zou et al., 2013; Cho et al., 2014) to question answering (Weston et al.”

“A variant of the Siamese network, the triplet network (Hoffer and Ailon, 2015), was used to learn an image similarity measure based on ranking data (Wang et al., 2014).”

“Originally applied to signature verification (Bromley et al., 1993), the Siamese architecture has since been widely used in vision applications.”

“Word embedding techniques such as word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and Glove (Pen-nington et al., 2014) have seen much use in such models, but some go beyond the word level and represent text as a sequence of characters (Kim et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2015).”

“Word embedding techniques such as word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and Glove (Pen-nington et al., 2014) have seen much use in such models, but some go beyond the word level and represent text as a sequence of characters (Kim et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2015).”

“(Wang et al., 2014).”

“In NLP applications, Siamese networks with convolutional layers have been applied to matching sentences (Hu et al., 2014).”

“More recently, (Mueller and Thyagarajan, 2016) applied Siamese recurrent networks to learning semantic entailment.”

“…and below the logistic function is denoted by σ The Long Short-Term Memory (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997) variant of RNNs in particular has had success in tasks related to natural language processing, such as text classification (Graves, 2012) and language translation (Sutskever et al., 2014).”

“Word embedding techniques such as word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and Glove (Pen-nington et al., 2014) have seen much use in such models, but some go beyond the word level and represent text as a sequence of characters (Kim et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2015).”

“, 2013) have recently been applied in diverse settings, such as sentiment analysis (dos Santos and Gatti, 2014) and recommender systems (Barkan and Koenigstein, 2016).”

“Word embedding techniques such as word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) and Glove (Pen-nington et al., 2014) have seen much use in such models, but some go beyond the word level and represent text as a sequence of characters (Kim et al., 2015; Ling et al., 2015).”

“Bidirectional LSTM models in particular have recently shown good results on standard NLP tasks like Named Entity Recognition (Huang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015) and so we adopt this technique for this study.”

“In other areas, Siamese networks have been applied to such diverse tasks as unsupervised acoustic modelling (Synnaeve et al., 2014; Thiolliere et al., 2015; Kamper et al., 2016; Zeghidour et al., 2015), learning food preferences (Yang et al., 2015) and scene detection (Baraldi et al., 2015).”

“…interest since autoencoders (Hinton and Salakhutdinov, 2006) have been shown to produce features that satisfy the two desiderata of representations; that they are invariant to differences in the input that do not matter for that task and selective to differences that do (Anselmi et al., 2015).”

“Given the large number of classes (often in the thousands), multi-stage classifiers have shown good results, especially if information outside the string can be used (Javed et al., 2015).”

“In other areas, Siamese networks have been applied to such diverse tasks as unsupervised acoustic modelling (Synnaeve et al., 2014; Thiolliere et al., 2015; Kamper et al., 2016; Zeghidour et al., 2015), learning food preferences (Yang et al., 2015) and scene detection (Baraldi et al., 2015).”

“Semantic textual similarity measures have been applied to tasks such as automatic summarization (Ponzanelli et al., 2015), debate analysis (Boltuzic and ˇSnajder, 2015) and paraphrase detection (Socher et al., 2011).”

“In other areas, Siamese networks have been applied to such diverse tasks as unsupervised acoustic modelling (Synnaeve et al., 2014; Thiolliere et al., 2015; Kamper et al., 2016; Zeghidour et al., 2015), learning food preferences (Yang et al., 2015) and scene detection (Baraldi et al., 2015).”

“This corresponds to an approximate upper bound on the proportion of spelling errors (Salthouse, 1986).”

“In other areas, Siamese networks have been applied to such diverse tasks as unsupervised acoustic modelling (Synnaeve et al., 2014; Thiolliere et al., 2015; Kamper et al., 2016; Zeghidour et al., 2015), learning food preferences (Yang et al., 2015) and scene detection (Baraldi et al., 2015).”

“In this paper, we present a system for job title normalization, a common task in information extraction for recruitment and social network analysis (Javed et al., 2014; Malherbe et al., 2014).”

“This ratio was empirically determined but other studies have found a similar optimal ratio of negative to positive pairs in Siamese networks (Synnaeve and Dupoux, 2016).”

“Semantic textual similarity measures have been applied to tasks such as automatic summarization (Ponzanelli et al., 2015), debate analysis (Boltuzic and ˇSnajder, 2015) and paraphrase detection (Socher et al., 2011).”

“In this paper, we present a system for job title normalization, a common task in information extraction for recruitment and social network analysis (Javed et al., 2014; Malherbe et al., 2014).”

“…interest since autoencoders (Hinton and Salakhutdinov, 2006) have been shown to produce features that satisfy the two desiderata of representations; that they are invariant to differences in the input that do not matter for that task and selective to differences that do (Anselmi et al., 2015).”

“Bidirectional LSTM models in particular have recently shown good results on standard NLP tasks like Named Entity Recognition (Huang et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015) and so we adopt this technique for this study.”

“[120] present a similar model that uses character-level Bi-LSTMs for f1 and f2, and the”

“Table 13: Comparing the F1 accuracy of the Hybrid and RNN models in our submission with the model proposed in [56] for an NLP task.”

“[120] present a similar model that uses character-level Bi-LSTMs for f1 and f2, and the”

“Deep learning models such as recurrent neural networks (RNN) and its variants [20]–[22] and convolution neural networks (CNN) [23] have been used effectively in many NLP tasks that share similarities to fake news and consist of calculating semantic similarity between sentences [24], [25] and…”

“Building neural networks with two towers has recently become a popular approach in several natural language tasks including modeling sentence similarities [31], response suggestions [24], and text-based information retrieval [17, 37].”