A brief report on rape myth acceptance: Differences between police officers, law students, and psychology students in the United Kingdom
Open accessAbstract
A common perception is that police officers hold very negative attitudes about rape victims. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to establish whether police officers do accept stereotypical rape myths at a higher level compared to members of other populations. There were 3 comparison samples, composed of police officers, law students, and psychology students, that completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale. Male and female police officers accepted “she lied” myths at a higher level than the student samples. Student samples were found to accept 2 types of rape myths (“she asked for it” and “he didn’t meant to”) at a higher level compared to police officers. No significant differences were found in the other 4 subfactors. Therefore, the pattern of results suggests that police officers do not adhere to stereotypical myths about rape victims more than do other populations.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There has been limited research into police officers' rape myths over the past three decades.
“Over the past three decades (Page, 2008a) there has been limited research into police officers' rape myths (Sleath & Bull, 2015).”
From From 'real rape' to real justice: A systematic review of police officers' rape myth beliefs (2017) · cites this paper as Sleath & Bull, 2015
Significant effect found between males accepting more rape myths than female police officers.
“Significant effect found between males accepting more rape myths than female police officers.”
From From 'real rape' to real justice: A systematic review of police officers' rape myth beliefs (2017) · cites this paper as Sleath and Bull (2015)
Cites
Cultural myths and supports for rape
Burt, M. R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217 · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths
Suarez, E. B., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260509354503 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Grubb, A., & Turner, E. (2012) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.002 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Attitudinal antecedents of rape myth acceptance: A theoretical and empirical reexamination.
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.704 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Attitudes toward rape: A comparative analysis of police, rapists, crisis counselors, and citizens.
Feild, H. S. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.2.156 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Gerger, H., Kley, H., Bohner, G., & Siebler, F. (2007) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20195 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Frese, B., Moya, M., & Megías, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260503260245 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Jordan, J. (2004) · Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1466802504042222 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Social support and recovery from sexual assault
Ullman, S. E. (1999) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00006-8 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted Rapists.
Williams, J. E., & Scully, D. (1991) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580112 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Individual Differences and Attitudes Toward Rape: A Meta-Analytic Review
Anderson, K. B., Cooper, H., & Okamura, L. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297233008 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The Criminal Justice System’s Response to Sexual Violence
Spohn, C., & Tellis, K. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212440020 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Grubb, A., & Harrower, J. (2008) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.06.006 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale: Construction, Validation, and Cross-Cultural Applicability
Ward, C. A. (1988) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00932.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Police responses to sexual assault complaints: The role of perpetrator/complainant intoxication.
Schuller, R. A., & Stewart, A. (2000) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1005519028528 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Sleath, E., & Bull, R. (2012) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854811434696 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationWorlds Apart? Women, Rape and the Police Reporting Process
Jordan, J. (2001) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/41.4.679 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
True colors: Police officers and rape myth acceptance
Dellinger Page, A. (2010) · Feminist Criminology · doi:10.1177/1557085110384108 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Rape Myth Acceptance and Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Multidimensional Analysis
Johnson, B. E., Kuck, D. L., & Schander, P. R. (1997) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1025671021697 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Police Training in Sexual Assault Response: Process, Outcomes, and Elements of Change
Lonsway, K. A., Welch, S., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2001) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/009385480102800602 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Accounting for Rape: Psychology, Feminism and Discourse Analysis in the Study of Sexual Violence
Anderson, I., & Doherty, K. (2007) · SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Brown, J. M., Hamilton, C., & O'Neill, D. (2007) · Psychology, Crime & Law · doi:10.1080/10683160601060507 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Prospective lawyers’ rape stereotypes and schematic decision making about rape cases
Krahé, B., Temkin, J., Bieneck, S., & Berger, A. (2008) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160801932380 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cuklanz, L. M. (2000) · University of Pennsylvania Press eBooks · doi:10.9783/9780812204001 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Behind the blue line: Investigating police officers' attitudes toward rape
Page, A. D. (2007) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-007-9002-7 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Rape as Viewed By Judges, Prosecutors, and Police Officers
Feldman‐Summers, S., & Palmer, G. C. (1980) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/009385488000700103 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gateway to Reform? Policy Implications of Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward Rape
Page, A. D. (2008) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-007-9024-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Davies, M., & McCartney, S. (2003) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.741 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Acceptance of sexual aggression myths in a representative sample of German residents
Süssenbach, P., & Bohner, G. (2011) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20390 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Police officers' definitions of rape: A prototype study
Krahé, B. (1991) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2450010305 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Characterological and behavioral blame in conversations about female and male rape
Anderson, I. (1999) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x99018004002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Gender differences in police officers attitudes towards rape; Results of an exploratory study
Brown, J. M., & King, J. (1998) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683169808401760 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sexual Assault and Current Mental Health: The Role of Help-Seeking and Police Response
Kaukinen, C., & DeMaris, A. (2009) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801209346713 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Belief in a Just World and Jury Decisions in a Civil Rape Trial
Foley, L. A., & Pigott, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02504.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Students' Attitudes toward Rape
Gilmartin‐Zena, P. (1988) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.1988.10570526 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Attitudes toward women, rape myths, and rape perceptions among male police officers in South Korea
Lee, J., Lee, C., & Lee, W. (2012) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684311427538 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Reality and Myth of Rape: Implications for theCriminal Justice System
Edward, K. E., & MacLeod, M. D. (1999) · Expert Evidence · doi:10.1023/a:1008917714094 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of Ingroup Bias and Gender Role Violations on Acquaintance Rape Attributions
Harrison, L. A., Howerton, D. M., Secarea, A. M., & Nguyen, C. Q. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9472-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Can Blaming Victims of Rape be Logical? Attribution Theory and Discourse Analytic Perspectives
Anderson, I., Beattie, G. W., & Spencer, C. R. (2001) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726701544003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Police Perceptions of Rape as Function of Victim Gender and Sexuality
Davies, M., Smith, R. L., & Rogers, P. (2009) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1350/pojo.2009.82.1.466 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Development and Validation of the Korean Rape Myth Acceptance Scale
Oh, E., & Neville, H. A. (2004) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000003261351 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rape myth in true and false rape allegations
Norton, R., & Grant, T. (2008) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160701770286 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Koppelaar, L., Lange, A., & Velde, J.-W. V. D. (1997) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/026975809700500104 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Serial Survivors: Women’s Narratives of Surviving RapePreprint
Shackel, R. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Police perceptions of rape victims and the impact on case decision making: A systematic review
Sleath, E., & Bull, R. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.02.003 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Neal, E. N. (2017) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2017.1406977 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
From 'real rape' to real justice: A systematic review of police officers' rape myth beliefs
Parratt, K. A., & Pina, A. (2017) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.03.005 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hine, B., & Murphy, A. (2019) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.08.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Effect of Rape Myth Endorsement on Police Response to Sexual Assault Survivors
Garza, A. D., & Franklin, C. A. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220911460 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Impact of Gendered Stereotypes on Perceptions of Violence: A Commentary
Bates, E. A., Klement, K. R., Kaye, L. K., & Pennington, C. R. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01029-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Klement, K. R., Sagarin, B. J., & Skowronski, J. J. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0950-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Nitschke, F., McKimmie, B. M., & Vanman, E. J. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000206 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Murphy, A. D., & Hine, B. A. (2018) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2018.1503663 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hine, B. A., & Murphy, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.01.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
García-Díaz, V., Fernández‐Feito, A., Molleda, C. B., Rodríguez‐Díaz, F. J., & Lana, A. (2019) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.01.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gekoski, A., Massey, K., Allen, K., Ferreira, J., Dalton, C. T., Horvath, M., & Davies, K. (2024) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/02697580221142891 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Powell, A., & Webster, K. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865816675669 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Anyadike-Danes, N., Reynolds, M., Armour, C., & Lagdon, S. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221147558 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Victim Cooperation in Intimate Partner Sexual Assault Cases: A Mixed Methods Examination
O’Neal, E. N. (2016) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2016.1244285 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Police Perceptions of Sex-worker Rape Victims and Their Offenders: A Vignette Study
Zvi, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211005140 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lathan, E. C., Langhinrichsen‐Rohling, J., Stefurak, T., Duncan, J., & Selwyn, C. N. (2021) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paab076 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“It Can’t Be Rape”: Female vs. Male Rape Myths Among Israeli Police Officers
Bitton, M. S., & Jaeger, L. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09327-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Violence Against Women: A Not in My Back Yard (NIMBY) Phenomenon
Esposito, C., Napoli, I. D., Esposito, C., Carnevale, S., & Arcidiacono, C. (2020) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2019.0067 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Campbell, R., & Fehler‐Cabral, G. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520951303 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rape Myth Acceptance Among Prospective Criminal Justice Professionals
Kim, B., & Santiago, H. J. (2019) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2019.1664969 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rape Myth Acceptance of Police Officers in Portugal
Fávero, M., Sánchez, A. D. C., Faria, S. M. C. D., Moreira, D. S., Ribeiro, F. N., & Sousa‐Gomes, V. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520916282 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding sexual violence and factors related to police outcomes
Davies, K., Spence, R., Cummings, E., Cross, M., & Horvath, M. A. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.977318 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Is It Harassment? Perceptions of Sexual Harassment Among Lawyers and Undergraduate Students
Bitton, M. S., & Zvi, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01793 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Assessing the Impact of Media on Blaming the Victim of Acquaintance Rape
Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M., & Kerl, E. (2024) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231220960 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Westera, N. J., Gentle, M., Powell, M. B., & Zajac, R. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221120447 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chivalry and attractiveness bias in police officer forensic judgments in Israel
Bitton, M. S., & Zvi, L. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1509043 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
O’Neal, E. N., & Hayes, B. E. (2019) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219828537 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Smith, H. P. (2021) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2020.1856169 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Blaming victims of rape: Studies on rape myths and beliefs about rape
Adolfsson, K. (2018) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
George, S. S. (2023) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2023.2263531 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Skov, M., van Mastrigt, S. B., & Jensen, A. V. (2021) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012211038967 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The making of male victimhood in South African Female-perpetrated Sexual Abuse
Kramer, S., & Bowman, B. (2020) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2020.1835831 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA): Snitching, Sexuality, and Normalizing Deviance
Smith, H. P., & Dunton, C. A. (2022) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x221113530 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fakunmoju, S. B. (2021) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02119-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Posch, L., & Kemme, S. (2024) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-024-09719-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Revisiting Eigenberg's prison rape model with criminal justice majors
Kim, B., Bak, H., & Garcia, J. (2020) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2020.1752835 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“There is No Time”: Swedish Professionals’ Perspective on Rape Victim Treatment
Raver, A., Landström, S., Adolfsson, K., & Strömwall, L. A. (2025) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2025.2462920 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rape myth acceptance among Croatian and Cypriot police officers
Constantinou, A. G., & Butorac, K. (2023) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/17488958231160251 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
O’Neal, E. N., & Hayes, B. E. (2020) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/239868020x15877396296559 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Junseob, S., Paek, M.-S., & Kim, S. (2021) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2021.1925232 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rape Myths and Police Attitudes
Constantinou, A. G. (2021) · SpringerBriefs in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76377-0_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Framing Empathy: Examining Audience Responses to Female-On-Male Sexual Violence
Tselenti, D., Cardoso, D., & Carvalho, J. (2025) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-025-10332-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
After Objectification: Locating Harm
Vince, R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Philosophy · doi:10.1111/japp.12698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Attitudes toward rape victims among University of Namibia students
Dhaka, P., Kalola, E. M., & Steenkamp, S. (2020) · Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32642/.v8i2.1515 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acquaviva, B. L., & Randa, R. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice Education · doi:10.1080/10511253.2022.2096248 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de los mitos de violación
Rivera, C. J. M., & Calderón, C. (2023) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2023.40.2.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of relationship, Belief in a Just World and levels of violence on victim blaming
Bodrozic, H. (2015) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University)
Ankita, A., & Singh, G. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Laboratory Research · doi:10.35503/ijmlr.2021.6206
Development and validation of Indian rape myth acceptance scale
Damania, M., & Singh, R. M. (2025) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2025.2529434
Łyś, A. E. (2026) · Problems of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.4467/12307483pfs.25.012.23647
The “Perfect” Target: Investigating How Target Expectations Shape Perceptions of Gender Harassment
Keenan, C., Masser, B., Neall, A. M., & Barlow, F. K. (2026) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-026-01679-6
Meeker, K. A., Acquaviva, B. L., Fleming, J. C., & Kelley, S. M. (2026) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287261488733
Posch, L., & Sklarek, B. (2026) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2026.2734755
- Authors
- Sleath, E., & Bull, R.
- Affiliations
- Coventry University (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Venue
- Violence and Victims
- Publisher
- Springer Publishing Company
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 136-147
- ISSN
- 0886-6708 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7073
- OpenAlex
- W2093150234
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 10.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Violence and Victims (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) (submittedVersion)
- The Open Collections (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- rape myth acceptance, rape myths, police officers, attitudes toward rape victims, law students, psychology students, gender differences, victim blaming
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mythology, Rape, Social Perception, Social Values, Students, Police, Crime Victims, Complicity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review