An Examination of Feedback Seeking in Individuals With Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, or No History of Mental Disorder Using a Daily Diary Method
Open accessAbstract
This study examined excessive reassurance seeking (or positive feedback seeking; PFS) and negative feedback seeking (NFS) in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or no history of mental health difficulties. A 2-week daily diary method was used to examine potential group differences in the frequency, topics, and targets of PFS and NFS. The SAD and GAD groups reported significantly higher feedback seeking (FS) than the healthy group on self-report questionnaires. The most common targets of FS in each group were other people (e.g., romantic partner, family members). According to diary data, there were no significant group differences in the frequency of PFS, NFS, overall FS, or overall FS adjusted for self-reported compliance with diary completion (after applying Bonferroni correction). There were also no significant group differences in FS topics according to diary data. Future research directions and potential implications of these findings are discussed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Positive and negative feedback seeking has been shown to be higher in individuals with SAD than in healthy participants.
“Consistent with these results, positive and negative feedback seeking has been shown to be higher in individuals with SAD than in healthy participants [81], all of which is aligned with the mounting evidence developed in cross-sectional or laboratory settings.”
From Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
The Discussion reports that the SAD group scored significantly higher than healthy participants on trait-like questionnaire measures of both positive and negative feedback seeking. But the Results (Hypothesis 1; page unavailable) found no significant group differences in either behavior in the daily diaries. The unqualified claim omits that distinction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216 · see citing works
What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments
Perneger, T. V. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1236 · Cited by 5,900 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 · Cited by 4,874 · see citing works
Self-citationA brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
Leary, M. R. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283093007 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.176.4.379 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
The intolerance of uncertainty scale: psychometric properties of the English version
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00092-4 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test of a conceptual model
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00070-3 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Hofmann, S. G. (2007) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701421313 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Self-verification processes: How we sustain our self-conceptions
Swann, W. B., & Read, S. J. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90043-3 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Swann, W. B., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Giesler, R. B. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.3.392 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Social comparison in everyday life
Wheeler, L., & Miyake, K. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.760 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Self-citationWeeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., Hart, T. A., Turk, C. L., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2005) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.179 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., & Cashman-McGrath, L. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80026-0 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Social phobia: the role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs
Wells, A., Clark, D. M., Salkovskis, P., Ludgate, J., Hackmann, A., & Gelder, M. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80088-7 · Cited by 548 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Although PFS and NFS can be understood as falling under the broad umbrella of safety behaviors, these specific constructs are rarely explicitly identified and discussed within cognitive and behavioral models of SAD (Wells et al., 1995) and little is known about the specific characteristics of FS in this clinical popul…”
BackgroundSwann, W. B., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Giesler, R. B. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.392 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.169 · Cited by 477 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The BFNE-S has high internal consistency and good factorial, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity (Rodebaugh et al., 2004; Weeks et al., 2005; Weeks et al., 2008).”
BackgroundNewman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.1.165 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Seeing yourself through others’ eyes: A study of spontaneously occurring images in social phobia
Hackmann, A., Surawy, C., & Clark, D. M. (1998) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465898000022 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Allure of negative feedback: Self-verification strivings among depressed persons.
Swann, W. B., Wenzlaff, R. M., Krull, D. S., & Pelham, B. W. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.2.293 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Ree, M. J., French, D. J., MacLeod, C., & Locke, V. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004232 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Gilbert, P. (2001) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70260-4 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
The fear of positive evaluation scale: assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.08.002 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: implications for intervention
Kessler, R. C. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.2.x · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Quality of life impairment in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder
Barrera, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.011 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory: Further evaluation
Antony, M. M., Coons, M. J., McCabe, R. E., Ashbaugh, A., & Swinson, R. P. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.013 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationJoiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.1.165 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.007 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety
Heerey, E. A., & Kring, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.125 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Weeks, J. W., & Howell, A. N. (2012) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.661452 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Marques, J. M. D. A., & Zuardi, A. W. (2008) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.02.001 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Beesdo-Baum, K., Jenjahn, E., Höfler, M., Lueken, U., Becker, E. S., & Hoyer, J. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21955 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Caught in the Crossfire: Depression, Self-Consistency, Self-Enhancement, and the Response of Others
Joiner, T. E., Alfano, M. S., & Metalsky, G. I. (1993) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1993.12.2.113 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Evraire, L. E., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.014 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A Description of Patients Diagnosed with DSM-III-R Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Sanderson, W. C., & Barlow, D. H. (1990) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199009000-00006 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Cougle, J. R., Fitch, K. E., Fincham, F. D., Riccardi, C. J., Keough, M. E., & Timpano, K. R. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as an unsuccessful search for safety
Woody, S., & Rachman, S. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90040-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Parrish, C. L., & Radomsky, A. S. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.010 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Negative problem orientation (Part II): construct validity and specificity to worry
Robichaud, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.008 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Social comparison processes in social phobia
Antony, M. M., Rowa, K., Liss, A., Swallow, S. R., & Swinson, R. P. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80055-3 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinctions between Panic Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder: Clinical Presentation
Rapee, R. M. (1985) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048678509158827 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: From Science to Practice
Robichaud, M., Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2019) · doi:10.4324/9781315709741 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Worry content reported by older adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder
Diefenbach, G. J., Stanley, M. A., & Beck, J. G. (2001) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860120065069 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., Lamplugh, C., & Eslick, G. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.015 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-verification 360°: Illuminating the Light and Dark Sides
North, R. J., & Swann, W. B. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802501516 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
p Value fetishism and use of the Bonferroni adjustment
Morgan, J. F. (2007) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.10.2.34 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-verification and depression among youth psychiatric inpatients.
Joiner, T. E., Katz, J., & Lew, A. S. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.608 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Robinson, C. M., Klenck, S. C., & Norton, P. J. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.486841 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The relationships between perfectionism, pathological worry and generalised anxiety disorder
Handley, A. K., Egan, S. J., Kane, R. T., & Rees, C. S. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-98 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Gunthert, K. C., & Wenze, S. J. (2012) · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Vittengl, J. R., & Holt, C. S. (1998) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1998.17.2.196 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Casbon, T. S., Burns, A. B., Bradbury, T. N., & Joiner, T. E. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Valentiner, D. P., Skowronski, J. J., McGrath, P. B., Smith, S. A., & Renner, K. A. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465811000300 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Becker, E. S., Goodwin, R., Hölting, C., Hoyer, J., & Margraf, J. (2003) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000092198.20420.fc · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- fc · DOI · Paper page
- Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1996). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rector, N. A., Katz, D. E., Quilty, L. C., Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., & Kay, T. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102109 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wakeling, S., Stukas, A. A., Wright, B. J., & Evans, L. (2020) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2020.39.9.788 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Biased information-seeking and information-integration in social anxiety
Thyagaraj, Y., Topel, S., & Charpentier, C. J. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Studies of Social Anxiety Using Ambulatory Assessment: Systematic Review
Fernández-Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Gómez Penedo, J. M., Pierantonelli, M., Baños, R. M., & Botella, C. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/46593 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Predictors of Excessive Reassurance Seeking in Social Anxiety
Bui, V., & Moscovitch, D. (2024) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-024-10473-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Examining the Role of Reassurance Seeking in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Provost-Walker, O. (2023) · doi:10.32920/24194742
Examining the Role of Reassurance Seeking in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Provost-Walker, O. (2023) · doi:10.32920/24194742.v1
- Authors
- Wilson, G. A., Koerner, N., & Antony, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Springer Publishing Company
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-37
- ISSN
- 0889-8391 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-887X
- OpenAlex
- W2789953626
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- feedback seeking, reassurance seeking, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, daily diary method
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
