Cited by 3,351Behavioral and Psychological StudiesHuman Resource Development and Performance EvaluationAcademic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology

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AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1

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Stokes, Trevor F., Baer, Donald M.·1977·Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349PMC PMC1311194

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Abstract

Traditionally, discrimination has been understood as an active process, and a technology of its procedures has been developed and practiced extensively. Generalization, by contrast, has been considered the natural result of failing to practice a discrimination technology adequately, and thus has remained a passive concept almost devoid of a technology. But, generalization is equally deserving of an active conceptualization and technology. This review summarizes the structure of the generalization literature and its implicit embryonic technology, categorizing studies designed to assess or program generalization according to nine general headings: Train and Hope; Sequential Modification; Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies; Train Sufficient Exemplars; Train Loosely; Use Indiscriminable Contingencies; Program Common Stimuli; Mediate Generalization; and Train “To Generalize”.

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ACQUISITION AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MANDING WITH AUTISTIC STUDENTS
Yamamoto, J., & Mochizuki, A. (1988) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-57 · Cited by 47
Wh Interrogative Production in Agrammatic Aphasia
Thompson, C. K., & McReynolds, L. V. (1986) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jshr.2902.193 · Cited by 49
Randomized controlled trial of an applied behavior analytic intervention for food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder
Peterson, K. M., Piazza, C. C., Ibañez, V. F., & Fisher, W. W. (2019) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.650 · Cited by 48
Planned Activities Training for Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities
Huynen, K. B., Lutzker, J. R., Bigelow, K. M., Touchette, P. E., & Campbell, R. V. (1996) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455960204003 · Cited by 48
Teaching adolescents with autism to describe a problem and request assistance during simulated vocational tasks
Dotto-Fojut, K. M., Reeve, K. F., Townsend, D. B., & Progar, P. R. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.09.012 · Cited by 48
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT ON THE GENERALIZATION OF A REPLACEMENT MAND IN THREE CHILDREN WITH SEVERE LANGUAGE DELAYS
Drasgow, E., Halle, J. W., & Ostrosky, M. M. (1998) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1998.31-357 · Cited by 48
SOME DIMENSIONS OF RECURRENT OPERANT BEHAVIOR
Lattal, K. A. (2015) · Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta · doi:10.5514/rmac.v41.i2.63716 · Cited by 48
“As translational studies morph into application, the results have the potential to alter clinical practice, such as the way programming for maintenance (cf. Stokes & Baer, 1977) occurs and how fading programs are developed.”
Background
Using schedule-correlated stimuli during functional communication training to promote the rapid transfer of treatment effects.
Greer, B. D., Fisher, W. W., Briggs, A. M., Lichtblau, K. R., Phillips, L. A., & Mitteer, D. R. (2019) · Behavioral Development · doi:10.1037/bdb0000085 · Cited by 48
“…approach to transferring FCT treatment effects can be considered a form of programming common (physical) stimuli as a means of increasing the likelihood of generalization, a tactic recommended by Stokes and Baer (1977), in general, and Falcomata and Wacker (2013), specifically, for FCT treatments.”
Background
Effects of a Dependent Group Contingency on the Verbal Interactions of Middle School Students with Emotional Disturbance
Hansen, S. D., & Kraft, B. L. (2005) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874290503000204 · Cited by 48
Promoting Generalization of Reading: A Comparison of Two Fluency-Based Interventions for Improving General Education Student’s Oral Reading Rate
Ardoin, S. P., Eckert, T. L., & Cole, C. A. S. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-008-9066-1 · Cited by 48
Treatment for apraxia of speech: Effects of targeting sound groups
Wambaugh, J. L., West, J. E., & Doyle, P. J. (1998) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687039808249569 · Cited by 48
Let's Talk
McNeill, J. H., & Fowler, S. A. (1999) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/105381519902200106 · Cited by 48
Maintenance following reward and cost token programs
Sullivan, M. A., & O'Ĺeary, S. G. (1990) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80195-9 · Cited by 48
INCREASING DRIVER YIELDING AND PEDESTRIAN SIGNALING WITH PROMPTING, FEEDBACK, AND ENFORCEMENT
Houten, R. V., Malenfant, L., & Rolider, A. (1985) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1985.18-103 · Cited by 48
INCREASING REQUESTS BY ADULTS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES USING INCIDENTAL TEACHING BY PEERS
Farmer‐Dougan, V. A. (1994) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-533 · Cited by 48

Authors: Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author: Stokes, Trevor F.
ORCID: Stokes, Trevor F.
Venue: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1977-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 349-367
ISSN: 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
1938-3703
DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349
PMC: PMC1311194
OpenAlex: W1998493215
Cited by: 3,351
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 84
FWCI: 63.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 13055 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Keywords: generalization, discrimination, stimulus control, stimulus equivalence, stimulus generalization

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