Cited by 3,351Behavioral and Psychological StudiesHuman Resource Development and Performance EvaluationAcademic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology

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AN IMPLICIT TECHNOLOGY OF GENERALIZATION 1

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Stokes, Trevor F., Baer, Donald M.·1977·Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

DOI 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349PMC PMC1311194

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Abstract

Traditionally, discrimination has been understood as an active process, and a technology of its procedures has been developed and practiced extensively. Generalization, by contrast, has been considered the natural result of failing to practice a discrimination technology adequately, and thus has remained a passive concept almost devoid of a technology. But, generalization is equally deserving of an active conceptualization and technology. This review summarizes the structure of the generalization literature and its implicit embryonic technology, categorizing studies designed to assess or program generalization according to nine general headings: Train and Hope; Sequential Modification; Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies; Train Sufficient Exemplars; Train Loosely; Use Indiscriminable Contingencies; Program Common Stimuli; Mediate Generalization; and Train “To Generalize”.

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Fragale, C. L., O’Reilly, M. F., Aguilar, J. M., Pierce, N. P., Lang, R. B., Sigafoos, J., & Lancioni, G. E. (2012) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2012.45-565 · Cited by 35
“For individuals who have difficulty generalizing newly learned skills, active planning and systematic programming of environmental conditions may promote maintenance and generalization (Stokes & Baer, 1977).”
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“…with the multiplication of three- and four-digit numbers would suffice to establish a repertoire of generalized correct responses to novel exemplars in the absence of some kind of precurrent problem solving skills that allow for what Stokes and Baer (1977) called Bmediated generalization^ (p. 131).”
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Using Robot-Assisted Instruction to Teach Students with Intellectual Disabilities to Use Personal Narrative in Text Messages
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“As an aside, our field would have disdain for “wait and hope” strategies if they were proposed as part of an organizational intervention (Conard et al., 2016; Stokes & Baer, 1977).”
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Generalization and Maintenance
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REDUCING SEVERE DIURNAL BRUXISM IN TWO PROFOUNDLY RETARDED FEMALES
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General Case Quasi-Pyramidal Staff Training to Promote Generalization of Teaching Skills in Supervisory and Direct-Care Staff
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Use of the Structural Analysis Hypothesis Testing Model to Improve Social Interactions via Peer-Mediated Intervention
Peck, J., Sasso, G. M., & Jolivette, K. (1997) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/108835769701200404 · Cited by 36
BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN WITH PHONOLOGICAL DISORDER: THE EFFICACY OF VOCAL IMITATION AND SUFFICIENT‐RESPONSE‐EXEMPLAR TRAINING
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Maintaining local residential placements
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Acquisition of generalized telephone use by students with moderate and severe mental retardation
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MODIFICATION OF VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF THE MENTALLY IMPAIRED ELDERLY BY THEIR SPOUSES
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ASSESSING STIMULUS CONTROL IN NATURAL SETTINGS: AN ANALYSIS OF STIMULI THAT ACQUIRE CONTROL DURING TRAINING
Halle, J. W., & Holt, B. (1991) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1991.24-579 · Cited by 36

Authors: Stokes, T. F., & Baer, D. M.
Affiliations: University of Kansas (US)
Corresponding author: Stokes, Trevor F.
ORCID: Stokes, Trevor F.
Venue: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1977-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 349-367
ISSN: 0021-8855 (ISSN-L)
1938-3703
DOI: 10.1901/jaba.1977.10-349
PMC: PMC1311194
OpenAlex: W1998493215
Cited by: 3,351
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 108 · 2017: 108 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 84
FWCI: 63.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 13055 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
Keywords: generalization, discrimination, stimulus control, stimulus equivalence, stimulus generalization

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