The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Conceptualizing and investigating instructor presence in online learning environments
Open accessAbstract
As online learning opportunities continue to grow it is important to continually consider instructor practices. Using case study methodology this study conceptualizes instructor presence, the intersection of social and teaching presence as defined within the Community of Inquiry literature, and is based in the implementation phase of online courses which is important to note since instructors often teach courses they did not design or develop. The investigation of the instructor presence behaviors of 12 online instructors and the emerging profiles of instructor presence provide a gateway to strategies for online instructors and offer a window into the ways instructional presence elements work together while providing insights into how to make the best use of online instructor time. In practical terms, the profiling method provides a useful way for practitioners to improve their own experiences.
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“Additionally, instructors in asynchronous courses may grapple with the task of fostering a sense of community due to the absence of real-time student engagement with peers and instructors (Garrison et al., 2003;Richardson et al., 2015).”
From Online Student Performance Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Instruction in California Community Colleges (2026) · cites this paper as Richardson et al., 2015
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Citations
Cites
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Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Chaiklin, H. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199102000-00025 · Cited by 39,639
Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (1988) · Cited by 20,701
Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573 · Cited by 7,594
Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6 · Cited by 6,619
Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches
Perreault, K. (2010) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.09.003 · Cited by 4,952
Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923640109527071 · Cited by 3,044
E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Framework for Research and Practice
Garrison, D. R., & Anderson, T. D. (2003) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 2,052
Assessing Social Presence In Asynchronous Text-based Computer Conferencing
Rourke, L., Anderson, T. D., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (1999) · AUSpace (Athabasca University) · Cited by 1,776
Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2003) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v7i1.1864 · Cited by 1,725
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Akyol, Z. (2009). Examining teaching presence, social presence, cognitive presence, satisfaction and learning in online and blended course contexts (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2001). Assessing teacher presence in a computer conferencing context. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(2), 1-17.
- Sheridan, K., & Kelly, M. A. (2010). The indicators of instructor presence that are important to students in online courses. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 767-779.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Richardson, J. C., Maeda, Y., Lv, J., & Caskurlu, S. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.001 · Cited by 787
Self-citationMartin, F., Wang, C., & Sadaf, A. (2018) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2018.01.003 · Cited by 419
Instructors’ Perceptions of Instructor Presence in Online Learning Environments
Richardson, J. C., Besser, E. D., Koehler, A. A., Lim, J., & Strait, M. (2016) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v17i4.2330 · Cited by 145
Self-citationOn the N th presence for the Community of Inquiry framework
Kozan, K., & Caskurlu, S. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.03.010 · Cited by 139
Self-citationAlmatrafi, O., Johri, A., & Rangwala, H. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.11.002 · Cited by 134
Metadata
- Authors
- Richardson, J. C., Koehler, A. A., Besser, E. D., Caskurlu, S., Lim, J., & Mueller, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Venue
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning
- Publisher
- Athabasca University Press
- Published
- 2015-06-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 1492-3831 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2152310991
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 63.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Érudit (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Communication in Education and Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- teacher presence, online learning, social presence, teaching presence, community of inquiry
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