Effect of a Targeted Subsidy on Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Among Low-Income Women in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. Intake of fruits and vegetables protects against several common chronic diseases, and low income is associated with lower intake. We tested the effectiveness of a subsidy for fruits and vegetables to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Methods. Women who enrolled for postpartum services (n=602) at 3 WIC sites in Los Angeles were assigned to an intervention (farmers’ market or supermarket, both with redeemable food vouchers) or control condition (a minimal nonfood incentive). Interventions were carried out for 6 months, and participants’ diets were followed for an additional 6 months. Results. Intervention participants increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables and sustained the increase 6 months after the intervention was terminated (model adjusted R 2=.13, P<.001). Farmers’ market participants showed an increase of 1.4 servings per 4186 kJ (1000 kcal) of consumed food (P<.001) from baseline to the end of intervention compared with controls, and supermarket participants showed an increase of 0.8 servings per 4186 kJ (P=.02). Conclusions. Participants valued fresh fruits and vegetables, and adding them to the WIC food packages will result in increased fruit and vegetable consumption.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Six additional months after the intervention, this increase was sustained (7.5 versus 4.9 servings per day, P<0.001).
“Six additional months after the intervention, this increase was sustained (7.5 versus 4.9 servings per day, P<0.001).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [179]
In a controlled trial among 602 postpartum women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), women assigned to intervention groups received a subsidy ($10 per week in farmers' market or supermarket food vouchers) to purchase fruits and vegetables; women in the control group received a similar voucher for diapers.
“In a controlled trial among 602 postpartum women enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), women assigned to intervention groups received a subsidy ($10 per week in farmers’ market or supermarket food vouchers) to purchase fruits and vegetables; women in the control group received a similar voucher for diapers.179”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [179]
At 6 months, consumption of fruits and vegetables was significantly higher in both intervention groups versus controls (overall, 7.8 versus 4.8 servings per day, P<0.001).
“At 6 months, consumption of fruits and vegetables was significantly higher in both intervention groups versus controls (overall, 7.8 versus 4.8 servings per day, P<0.001).”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [179]
At least 2 interventions suggested that the effects of food subsidies might be sustained, at least weeks to months, after subsidies were removed.
“Interestingly, at least 2 of these interventions suggested that the effects of food subsidies might be sustained, at least weeks to months, after subsidies were removed.176,179”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [179]
Cites
Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work.
Wn, S. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 2,911 · see citing works
Goldberg, G. R., Black, A., Jebb, S. A., Cole, T. J., Pr, M., Coward, W. A., & Prentice, A. M. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease
Hung, H.-C., Joshipura, K. J., Jiang, R., Hu, F. B., Hunter, D., Smith-Warner, S. A., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (2004) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djh296 · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
Andreyeva, T., Long, M. W., & Brownell, K. D. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.151415 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Dietary patterns and health outcomes
Kant, A. K. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.01.010 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L. M., Altmann, D. R., & McKee, M. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Briefel, R., Sempos, C., McDowell, M., Chien, S., & Alaimo, K. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1203s · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study
(2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.1.112 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Johnson, R. K., Driscoll, P. A., & Goran, M. I. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00293-3 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Glanz, K. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.004 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Bickel, G., Hamilton, W. L., & Associates, A. (1997) · Cited by 277 · see citing works
A pricing strategy to promote low-fat snack choices through vending machines.
French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., Story, M. T., Hannan, P. J., & Snyder, M. P. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.5.849 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Klesges, R. C., Eck, L. H., & Ray, J. W. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.63.3.438 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Herman, D. R., Harrison, G. G., & Jenks, E. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.02.004 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationLeiner, G. C. (1956) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1956.02970190052017 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Women Participating in WIC
Havas, S., Treiman, K., LANGENBERG, P. W., Ballesteros, M., Anliker, J. A., Damron, D. J., & FELDMAN, R. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00264-8 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
(1985) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Dietary Interventions to Prevent Disease
Bowen, D. J., & Beresford, S. A. A. (2002) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140555 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Guenther, P. M., DeMaio, T. J., Ingwersen, L. A., et al. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · Cited by 69 · see citing works
An evaluation of the Connecticut Farmers' Market coupon program
Anliker, J. A., Winne, M., & Drake, L. T. (1992) · Journal of Nutrition Education · doi:10.1016/s0022-3182(12)81152-6 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Farmers' Market Coupon Program for Low-Income Elders
Balsam, A. L., Webber, D., & Oehlke, B. (1994) · Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly · doi:10.1300/j052v13n04_05 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Darmon, N., & Drewnowski, A. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv027 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Andreyeva, T., Long, M. W., & Brownell, K. D. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.151415 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D., Afshin, A., Benowitz, N. L., Bittner, V., Daniels, S. R., Franch, H. A., Jacobs, D. R., Kraus, W. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Krummel, D. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318260a20b · Cited by 601 · see citing works
McCormack, L. A., Laska, M. N., Larson, N. I., & Story, M. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.11.023 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Freedman, D. A., Choi, S. K., Hurley, T., Anadu, E., & Hébert, J. R. (2013) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.018 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Obesity and diabetes, the built environment, and the ‘local’ food economy in the United States, 2007
Salois, M. J. (2012) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2011.04.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Racine, E. F., Vaughn, A. S., & Laditka, S. B. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.11.019 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Herman, D. R., Harrison, G. G., Afifi, A. A., & Jenks, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 98-105
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC2156076
- OpenAlex
- W2037772549
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 22.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (5-P01-CA 42710, 5-R25-CA87949, R25CA087949, P01CA042710)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- fruit and vegetable intake, WIC program, food vouchers, farmers' markets, low-income women, postpartum women, diet quality
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Services, Fruit, Humans, Poverty Areas, Vegetables, Los Angeles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
