Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study
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OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of pricing and promotion strategies on purchases of low-fat snacks from vending machines. METHODS: Low-fat snacks were added to 55 vending machines in a convenience sample of 12 secondary schools and 12 worksites. Four pricing levels (equal price, 10% reduction, 25% reduction, 50% reduction) and 3 promotional conditions (none, low-fat label, low-fat label plus promotional sign) were crossed in a Latin square design. Sales of low-fat vending snacks were measured continuously for the 12-month intervention. RESULTS: Price reductions of 10%, 25%, and 50% on low-fat snacks were associated with significant increases in low-fat snack sales; percentages of low-fat snack sales increased by 9%, 39%, and 93%, respectively. Promotional signage was independently but weakly associated with increases in low-fat snack sales. Average profits per machine were not affected by the vending interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing relative prices on low-fat snacks was effective in promoting lower-fat snack purchases from vending machines in both adult and adolescent populations.
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In a 12-month controlled intervention, adding a low-fat label (with or without promotional signage) to snacks in vending machines located in high schools and worksites had minimal effects on sales.
“In a 12-month controlled intervention, adding a low-fat label (with or without promotional signage) to snacks in vending machines located in high schools and worksites had minimal effects on sales.111”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [111]
In randomized 4-week intervention periods, price reductions of 10%, 25%, and 50% on low-fat snacks were associated with significant increases in sales of these products of 9%, 39%, and 93%, respectively.
“In randomized 4-week intervention periods, price reductions of 10%, 25%, and 50% on low-fat snacks were associated with significant increases in sales of these products of 9%, 39%, and 93%, respectively.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [111]
Promotional signage alone to recommend low-fat options had relatively small effects on sales.
“Promotional signage alone to recommend low-fat options had relatively small effects on sales.”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [111]
A controlled trial evaluated the effects of larger price subsidies on food sales from vending machines in 24 secondary schools and worksites in Minnesota.
“A controlled trial evaluated the effects of larger price subsidies on food sales from vending machines in 24 secondary schools and worksites in Minnesota.111”
From Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2012) · cites this paper as [111]
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- Authors
- French, S. A., Jeffery, R. W., Story, M. T., BREITLOW, K. K., Baxter, J. S., Hannan, P. J., & Snyder, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- ORCID
- Simone A. French
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2001-01-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-117
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC1446491
- OpenAlex
- W1548823472
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 17.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl056577-03)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL56577)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- vending machines, low-fat snacks, pricing, discounts, food promotion, advertising signs, school vending, adolescent nutrition, food environment interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Advertising, Analysis of Variance, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Dietary Fats, Food Dispensers, Automatic, Food Preferences, Humans, Minnesota, Students, Occupational Health, Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
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