Perceived Discrimination and Its Association With Psychological Distress Among Newly Arrived Immigrants Before and After September 11, 2001
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Objectives. We compared the evolution of perception of discrimination from 1998 to 2007 among recent Arab (Muslim and non-Muslim) and Haitian immigrants to Montreal; we also studied the association between perception of discrimination and psychological distress in 1998 and 2007. Methods. We conducted this cross-sectional comparative research with 2 samples: one recruited in 1998 (n = 784) and the other in 2007 (n = 432). The samples were randomly extracted from the registry of the Ministry of Immigration and Cultural Communities of Quebec. Psychological distress was measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Results. The perception of discrimination increased from 1998 to 2007 among the Arab Muslim, Arab non-Muslim, and Haitian groups. Muslim Arabs experienced a significant increase in psychological distress associated with discrimination from 1998 to 2007. Conclusions. These results confirm an increase in perception of discrimination and psychological distress among Arab Muslim recent immigrant communities after September 11, 2001, and highlight the importance this context may have for other immigrant groups.
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Rousseau et al. (2011) found higher levels of perceived discrimination by both Arab and Haitian immigrants in Montreal in 2007 than in 1998.
“Their examination of perceptions of discrimination by Arab and Haitian immigrants in Montreal over time-and specifically before and after 9/11-indicates higher levels of perceived discrimination by both Arab and Haitian immigrants in 2007 than in 1998.”
From Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants (2021) · cites this paper as Rousseau et al. 2011
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- Authors
- Rousseau, C., Hassan, G., Moreau, N., & Thombs, B. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 909-915
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3076390
- OpenAlex
- W1973195590
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- perceived discrimination, psychological distress, Arab immigrants, Muslim immigrants, Haitian immigrants, September 11 attacks, immigrant mental health, Montreal
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Haiti, Humans, Islam, Male, Prejudice, Quebec, Regression Analysis, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Chi-Square Distribution, Arabs, September 11 Terrorist Attacks, Emigrants and Immigrants, Checklist
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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