Overt and Subtle Racial Discrimination and Mental Health: Preliminary Findings for Korean Immigrants
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Objectives. We examined differential effects of overt and subtle forms of racial discrimination on 2 dimensions of mental health—positive affect and depressive symptoms, and explored the mediating roles of emotional arousal and cognitive appraisal. Methods. Cross-sectional survey data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a sample (N=180) of adult Korean immigrants living in Toronto, Ontario. Maximum likelihood estimates of path coefficients were obtained using structural equation models. Results. Perceived racial discrimination was associated with both the erosion of positive affect and depressive symptoms. Overt discrimination was associated with the erosion of positive affect, and subtle discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms. Effects of subtle discrimination on depressive symptoms were mediated through cognitive appraisal. Conclusions. The results emphasize the salience of subtle discrimination for the mental health of Asian immigrants. Experiences of overt racial bias seemed to be of little importance for the levels of depressive symptoms among those in our sample, although the experience of blatant discrimination tended to reduce positive mood.
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Perceptions of overt discrimination were associated with lower positive affect experienced by Korean immigrants in Toronto, whereas perceptions of subtle discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms.
“The results show that perceptions of overt discrimination were associated with lower positive affect experienced by the immigrants, whereas perceptions of subtle discrimination were associated with depressive symptoms (see also Berg et al. 2011).”
From Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants (2021) · cites this paper as Noh et al. 2007
The relation between subtle discrimination and depressive symptoms was mediated by cognitive appraisals of the discrimination as frustrating and excluding, and as a source of feelings of powerlessness and shame.
“In addition, the latter relation was mediated by cognitive appraisals of the discrimination as frustrating and excluding, and as a source of feelings of powerlessness and shame.”
From Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants (2021) · cites this paper as Noh et al. 2007
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- Authors
- Noh, S., Kaspar, V., & Wickrama, K. A. S.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1269-1274
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC1913092
- OpenAlex
- W2168171937
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 39.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, overt discrimination, subtle discrimination, Korean immigrants, Asian immigrants, mental health, positive affect, depressive symptoms, emotional arousal, cognitive appraisal, mediation, Toronto
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Asian, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Korea, Male, Mental Health, Ontario, Prejudice, Surveys and Questionnaires, Likelihood Functions
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