Implicit Stereotyping and Medical Decisions: Unconscious Stereotype Activation in Practitioners' Thoughts About African Americans
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. METHODS: We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and control terms) to doctors as part of a computerized task. Subliminal images of African American and White men appeared prior to each word, and reaction times to words were recorded. RESULTS: When primed with an African American face, doctors reacted more quickly for stereotypical diseases, indicating an implicit association of certain diseases with African Americans. These comprised not only diseases African Americans are genetically predisposed to, but also conditions and social behaviors with no biological association (e.g., obesity, drug abuse). CONCLUSIONS: We found implicit stereotyping among physicians; faces they never consciously saw altered performance. This suggests that diagnoses and treatment of African American patients may be biased, even in the absence of the practitioner's intent or awareness.
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The two priming studies involved very small samples and were more exploratory than result-seeking.
“The two priming studies involved very small samples and were more exploratory than result-seeking [20, 21].”
From Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
The Methods report small samples: 16 doctors in Study 1 and 11 in Study 2 (page unavailable). But Study 1 was a survey, not a priming experiment, and the Study 2 Methods specify a predicted priming effect rather than describing the experiment as primarily exploratory. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnother exploratory study found that many diseases were associated with African-Americans that did not match prevalence data, such as drug abuse.
“Another exploratory study looked at the diseases that were stereotypically associated with African-Americans and found that many diseases were associated with African-Americans that did not match prevalence data, such as drug abuse [20].”
From Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
The Results and Discussion (Study 1; page numbers unavailable) show that physicians listed numerous conditions as stereotypically associated with African Americans. The Discussion compares the drug-abuse stereotype with prevalence evidence and calls it inaccurate, but does not establish that many of the listed conditions conflict with prevalence data. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Moskowitz, G. B., Stone, J., & Childs, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 996-1001
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC3325336
- OpenAlex
- W2038320932
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 26.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD005902)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Keywords
- racial bias in medicine, African American patients, physicians, subliminal priming, face images, racial disparities in health care
- MeSH terms
- Attitude of Health Personnel, Black or African American, Communication, Decision Making, Health Personnel, Humans, Physician-Patient Relations, Stereotyping, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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