The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences
Open accessAbstract
A growing body of research illuminates the mechanisms through which racism and discrimination influence the health status of people of color. Much of the focus of this research, however, has been on individually mediated racism (i.e., acts of discrimination and racial bias committed by White individuals against people of color). Yet research literature provides numerous examples of how racism operates not just at individual levels, but also at internalized, institutional, and structural levels. A more comprehensive model of the lived experience of race is needed that considers the cumulative, interactive effects of different forms of racism on health over the lifespan. Such a model must facilitate an intersectional analysis to better understand the interaction of race with gender, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors, and should consider the negative consequences of racism for Whites.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 32,792
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis
Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.171058 · Cited by 995
Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Barnes, N. W. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212 · Cited by 889
Invited commentary: “Race, racism, and the practice of epidemiology”
Jones, C. P. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/154.4.299 · Cited by 532
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Jones CP, 2003, Phylon, 50, 7
- 10.1093/aje/kwm056 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091827 · DOI · Paper page
- Turner M, 2003, Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: Phase 2—Asians and Pacific Islanders
- 10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3109/10826089009056228 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.045 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50068-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Massey DS, 1993, American Apartheid
- 10.1097/00000441-200306000-00003 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101136 · DOI · Paper page
- LaVeist TA, 2009, The Economic Burden of Health Inequalities in the United States
Cited by
Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature
Kirkinis, K., Pieterse, A. L., Martin, C., Agiliga, A., & Brownell, A. (2021) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2018.1514453 · Cited by 322
Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias
Amutah, C., Greenidge, K., Mante, A., Munyikwa, M., Surya, S. L., Higginbotham, E., Jones, D. S., Lavizzo-Mourey, R., Roberts, D., Tsai, J., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms2025768 · Cited by 317
Racial Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Meta‐Analytic Review
Carter, R. T., Lau, M. Y., Johnson, V., & Kirkinis, K. (2017) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12076 · Cited by 285
Racial/ethnic disparities in the assessment and treatment of pain: Psychosocial perspectives.
Tait, R. C., & Chibnall, J. T. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0035204 · Cited by 186
A Meta-Analytic Review of Racial Discrimination: Relationships to Health and Culture
Carter, R. T., Johnson, V. E., Kirkinis, K., Roberson, K., Muchow, C., & Galgay, C. (2019) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-018-9256-y · Cited by 176
Metadata
- Authors
- Smedley, B. D.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 933-935
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2029831352
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 37.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2105/ajph.2011.300643
- The paper
- Smedley, B. D. (2012). The Lived Experience of Race and Its Health Consequences. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300643
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.