Cited by 308Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

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Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom

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Wallace, Stephanie, Nazroo, James, Bécares, Laia·2016·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.2016.303121PMC PMC4984732

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Abstract

Objectives. To examine the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and changes in the mental health of ethnic minority people. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (2009–2013) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal household panel survey of approximately 40 000 households, including an ethnic minority boost sample of approximately 4000 households. Results. Ethnic minority people who reported exposure to racial discrimination at 1 time point had 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component scores 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −3.31, −0.56) points lower than did those who reported no exposure to racial discrimination, whereas those who had been exposed to 2 or more domains of racial discrimination, at 2 different time points, had SF-12 mental component scores 8.26 (95% CI = −13.33, −3.18) points lower than did those who reported no experiences of racial discrimination. Controlling for racial discrimination and other socioeconomic factors reduced ethnic inequalities in mental health. Conclusions. Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination has incremental negative long-term effects on the mental health of ethnic minority people in the United Kingdom. Studies that examine exposure to racial discrimination at 1 point in time may underestimate the contribution of racism to poor health.

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Authors: Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L.
Affiliations: University of Manchester (GB)
ORCID: Wallace, Stephanie
Nazroo, James
Bécares, Laia
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2016-07
Volume: 106
Issue: 7
Pages: 1294-1300
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303121
PMC: PMC4984732
OpenAlex: W2339150223
Cited by: 308
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 54.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K001582/1, ES/K002198/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: racial discrimination, cumulative exposure, ethnic minorities, mental health, ethnic health disparities, racism, UK Household Longitudinal Study, socioeconomic factors
MeSH terms: Ethnicity, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status, Hexetidine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Health Status Disparities, Racism

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Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom

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