The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. To examine the longitudinal association between cumulative exposure to racial discrimination and changes in the mental health of ethnic minority people. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (2009–2013) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a longitudinal household panel survey of approximately 40 000 households, including an ethnic minority boost sample of approximately 4000 households. Results. Ethnic minority people who reported exposure to racial discrimination at 1 time point had 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) mental component scores 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] = −3.31, −0.56) points lower than did those who reported no exposure to racial discrimination, whereas those who had been exposed to 2 or more domains of racial discrimination, at 2 different time points, had SF-12 mental component scores 8.26 (95% CI = −13.33, −3.18) points lower than did those who reported no experiences of racial discrimination. Controlling for racial discrimination and other socioeconomic factors reduced ethnic inequalities in mental health. Conclusions. Cumulative exposure to racial discrimination has incremental negative long-term effects on the mental health of ethnic minority people in the United Kingdom. Studies that examine exposure to racial discrimination at 1 point in time may underestimate the contribution of racism to poor health.
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“The cumulative impact of racial trauma was demonstrated in BIPOC communities in North America, Europe, and Oceania”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Wallace et al., 2016
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1294-1300
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC4984732
- OpenAlex
- W2339150223
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 54.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (acceptedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K001582/1, ES/K002198/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- racial discrimination, cumulative exposure, ethnic minorities, mental health, ethnic health disparities, racism, UK Household Longitudinal Study, socioeconomic factors
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status, Hexetidine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health, Minority Groups, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Health Status Disparities, Racism
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