Soil Carbon Dynamics beneath Switchgrass as Indicated by Stable Isotope Analysis

Garten, C. T.; Wullschleger, S. D.

doi:10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020036x

Cited by 154Soil Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsBioenergy crop production and managementSoil erosion and sediment transport

Soil Carbon Dynamics beneath Switchgrass as Indicated by Stable Isotope Analysis

Garten, C. T., Wullschleger, S. D.·2000·Journal of Environmental Quality

DOI 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020036x

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Abstract

Surface (0–40 cm) soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics were studied beneath four switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) field trials in the southeastern United States. Soil organic carbon was partitioned into particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral‐associated organic matter (MOM). Most (75–90%) of the SOC at each study site was affiliated with MOM (<0.053 mm). Changes in stable carbon isotope ratios were used to derive carbon inputs to and losses from POM and MOM at each site. Inventories of existing SOC and new C 4‐derived SOC beneath switchgrass decreased with increasing soil depth. Approximately 5 yr after establishment, 19 to 31% of the existing SOC inventories beneath switchgrass had been derived from new C 4‐carbon inputs. Calculated turnover times of POM and MOM ranged from 2.4 to 4.3 yr and 26 to 40 yr, respectively. The turnover time of SOC in the POM fraction increased with decreasing mean annual temperature. A simple, two‐compartment model was parameterized to predict the potential for soil carbon sequestration under switchgrass. An example calculation with the model indicated a measurable and verifiable recovery of soil carbon (≈12% increase) on degraded lands through one decade of switchgrass production. The potential to sequester carbon through switchgrass cultivation will depend on initial soil carbon inventories, prevailing climate, soil type, and site management.

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In switchgrass crops planted across a temperature gradient in North America, SOC turnover rate, the proportion of switchgrass-derived SOC, and net change in SOC all increased with temperature.
“In switchgrass crops planted across a temperature gradient in North America, SOC turnover rate, the proportion of switchgrassderived SOC, and net change in SOC all increased with temperature (Garten & Wullschleger, 2000).”
From Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops (2009) · cites this paper as Garten & Wullschleger, 2000
Roots and rhizomes are a primary source of C to the soil in biofuel crops.
“As roots and rhizomes are a primary source of C to the soil in biofuel crops (Garten & Wullschleger, 2000;Wilhelm et al., 2004;Lemus & Lal, 2005), belowground allocation of C stands to play a critical role in driving changes in SOC.”
From Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops (2009) · cites this paper as Garten & Wullschleger, 2000
Carbon sequestration by switchgrass has been nearly ubiquitous across a broad range of growing conditions throughout North America at rates of 1.7-10.1 Mg C ha-1 year-1.
“Carbon sequestration by switchgrass has been nearly ubiquitous across a broad range of growing conditions throughout North America at rates of 1.7-10.1 Mg C ha -1 year -1 (6.2-37.0Mg CO 2 ha -1 year -1 ) [11,13,18,45].”
From Soil Carbon Storage by Switchgrass Grown for Bioenergy (2008) · cites this paper as [13]
Switchgrass residues have a fast carbon turnover.
“although its residues have a fast C turnover [25]”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Little information was available on parameters affecting soil organic carbon accumulation in slowly decomposable or recalcitrant forms.
“Although some papers recorded specific fractions of SOC [11, 45, 46], little information was available on parameters affecting SOC accumulation in slowly decomposable or ‘recalcitrant’ forms [25, 35, 47].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]

For switchgrass, more carbon was allocated to the roots than to the rhizomes.
“For switchgrass, more C was allocated to the roots than to the rhizomes [25, 66, 71].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Carbon inputs originate from and feed into pools of different stability, and initially carbon is stored as particulate organic matter, which is a relatively slow soil organic carbon pool under switchgrass.
“C inputs originate from and feed into pools of different stability [45, 141], and initially, C is stored as particulate organic matter (POM) [139], which is a relatively slow SOC pool under switchgrass [25, 47].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Particulate and mineral-associated organic matter are formed in the soil and stabilise soil organic carbon by limiting the access of soil microbes.
“Particulate (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MOM) are formed in the soil, which stabilise SOC, e.g. limiting the access of soil microbes [25].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Initially new SOC is part of easily decomposable POM and later part of the inter-aggregate fraction.
“The modelling of SOC fractionation seems essential for the persistence and sustainability of C sequestration, showing that initially new SOC is part of easily decomposable POM [139] and later part of the inter-aggregate fraction [25, 45].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Initial sequestration rates are low due to small inputs during the establishing phase.
“The opposite is evident: initial sequestration rates are low due to small inputs during the establishing phase [25, 43, 46, 60, 86, 106, 134], which could depend on the productivity and fertility of the soil, its former land use and planting material/success.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
The modelling of SOC fractionation seems essential for the persistence and sustainability of C sequestration.
“The modelling of SOC fractionation seems essential for the persistence and sustainability of C sequestration, showing that initially new SOC is part of easily decomposable POM [139] and later part of the inter-aggregate fraction [25, 45].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
Soil organic C increased at rates ranging from 1.7 to 10.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 after switchgrass establishment throughout North America.
“Soil organic C increased at rates ranging from 1.7 to 10.1 Mg C ha À1 yr À1 after switchgrass establishment throughout North America (Garten & Wullschleger, 2000;Zan et al., 2001;Frank et al., 2004;Lee et al., 2007).”
From Field-scale soil property changes under switchgrass managed for bioenergy (2011) · cites this paper as Garten & Wullschleger, 2000

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Authors: Garten, C. T., & Wullschleger, S. D.
Affiliations: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
Corresponding author: Garten, C. T.
ORCID: Garten, C. T.
Wullschleger, S. D.
Venue: Journal of Environmental Quality
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 645-653
ISSN: 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
1537-2537
DOI: 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020036x
OpenAlex: W2116496130
Cited by: 154
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 12.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
Funders: McGill University
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
Keywords: soil organic carbon dynamics, switchgrass, particulate organic matter, mineral-associated organic matter, stable carbon isotopes, carbon turnover time, soil carbon sequestration, two-compartment model, degraded land, mean annual temperature, soil depth

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Soil Carbon Dynamics beneath Switchgrass as Indicated by Stable Isotope Analysis

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