Wildfire and charcoal enhance nitrification and ammonium-oxidizing bacterial abundance in dry montane forest soils
Abstract
All forest fire events generate some quantity of charcoal, which may persist in soils for hundreds to thousands of years. However, few studies have effectively evaluated the potential for charcoal to influence specific microbial communities or processes. To our knowledge, no studies have specifically addressed the effect of charcoal on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in forest soils. Controlled experiments have shown that charcoal amendment of fire-excluded temperate and boreal coniferous forest soil increases net nitrification, suggesting that charcoal plays a major role in maintaining nitrification for extended periods postfire. In this study, we examined the influence of fire history on gross nitrification, nitrification potential, and the nature and abundance of AOB. Soil cores were collected from sites in the Selway-Bitterroot wilderness area in northern Idaho that had been exposed twice (in 1910, 1934) or three times (1910, 1934, and 1992) in the last 94 yr, allowing us to contrast soils recently exposed to fire to those that experienced no recent fire (control). Charcoal content was determined in the O horizon by hand-separation and in the mineral soil by a chemical digestion procedure. Gross and net nitrification, and potential rates of nitrification were measured in mineral soil. Analysis of the AOB community was conducted using primer sets specific for the ammonia mono-oxygenase gene (amoA) or the 16S rRNA gene of AOB. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the AOB community structure, while AOB abundance was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Recent (12-yr-old) wildfire resulted in greater charcoal contents and nitrification rates compared with sites without fire for 75 yr, and the more recent fire appeared to have directly influenced AOB abundance and community structure. We predicted and observed greater abundance of AOB in soils recently exposed to fire compared with control soils. Interestingly, sequence data revealed that Clusters 3 and 4, and not Cluster 2, of genus Nitrosospira dominated these forest soils, with a shift toward Cluster 3 in recently burned sites.
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Biochar application promotes net nitrification in natural ecosystems.
“biochar application has been shown to promote net nitrification in natural ecosystems”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [79]
The promotion of net nitrification in natural ecosystems by biochar is due to the liming effects of biochar or the removal of inhibiting substances such as polyphenols or tannins.
“due to the liming effects of biochar or the removal of inhibiting substances such as polyphenols or tannins [50,79,80].”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Ball, P. N., MacKenzie, M. D., DeLuca, T. H., & Montana, W. E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Montana (US)
- Microbial Ecology Program, Division of Biological Sciences The Univ. of Montana Missoula MT 59812
- Corresponding author
- Ball, P. N.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1243-1253
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2537
- OpenAlex
- W1966472187
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 18.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NSF-DEB Award (0317108)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions
- Keywords
- forest fires, soil charcoal, nitrification, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosospira, fire history, bacterial community structure
- MeSH terms
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Bacteria, Charcoal, Fires, Nitrogen, Phylogeny, Soil Microbiology, Trees, Water, Polymerase Chain Reaction
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