Carbon dioxide fixation within mine wastes of ultramafic-hosted ore deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar chrysotile deposits, Canada
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is sequestered through the weathering and subsequent mineralization of the chrysotile mine tailings at Clinton Creek, Yukon Territory, and Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada. Accelerated weathering is attributed to a dramatic increase in surface area, which occurs during the milling of ore. We provide a detailed account of the natural process of carbon trapping and storage as it occurs at Clinton Creek and Cassiar, including mineralogy, modes of occurrence, methods of formation for carbonate alteration, light stable isotope geochemistry, and radiocarbon analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction data were used to identify weathering products as the hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals nesquehonite [MgCO3·3H2O], dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4 (OH)2·5H2O], hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], and less commonly lansfordite [MgCO3·5H2O]. Textural relationships suggest that carbonate precipitates formed in situ after milling and deposition of tailings. Samples of efflorescent nesquehonite are characterized by δ13C values between 6.52 and 14.36 per mil, δ18O values between 20.93 and 26.62 per mil, and F14C values (fraction of modern carbon) between 1.072 and 1.114, values which are consistent with temperature-dependent fractionation of modern atmospheric CO2 during mineralization. Samples of dypingite ± hydromagnesite collected from within 0.2 m of the tailings surface give δ13C values between −1.51 and +10.02 per mil, δ18O values between +17.53 and +28.40 per mil, and F14C values between 1.026 and 1.146, which suggests precipitation from modern atmospheric CO2 in a soil-like environment. Field observations and isotopic data suggest that hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals formed in two environments. Nesquehonite formed in an evaporative environment on the surface of tailings piles, and dypingite and hydromagnesite formed in the subsurface environment with characteristics similar to soil carbonate. In both cases, these minerals have been trapping and storing the greenhouse gas, CO2, directly from the atmosphere. Combined use of δ13C, δ18O, and F14C data has been applied effectively as a tool for verifying and monitoring sequestration of atmospheric CO2 within mine tailings. A number of other deposit types produce tailings suitable for CO2 sequestration, including Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, diamondiferous kimberlite pipes, and podiform chromite deposits. Our results suggest that conversion of about 10 wt percent of tailings to carbonate minerals could offset the greenhouse gas emissions from many ultramafic-hosted mining operations.
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Kinetic fractionation through aqueous carbonate speciation can become dominant and result in a δ13C depletion of -10 to -19‰ for hyper alkaline solutions.
“Specifically, kinetic fractionation through aqueous carbonate speciation (deprotonation of CO2(aq) to HCO3 -or CO 3 2) can become dominant and result in a 𝛿 ¹³C depletion of -10 to -19 ‰ for hyper alkaline solutions [46 -49].”
From Isotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
Some wastes containing more reactive minerals are sufficiently reactive to passively draw down CO2 from ambient air, as evidenced by mine tailings and demolition wastes.
“In fact, some wastes containing more reactive minerals are sufficiently reactive to passively draw down CO2 from the ambient air, as evidenced by mine tailings [8,9] and demolition wastes [10].”
From Carbon Mineralization with North American PGM Mine Tailings—Characterization and Reactivity Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Passive carbonate mineral formation from ultramafic tailings produced by nickel, diamond, and asbestos mining operations has been studied at active and historic mine sites.
“Passive carbonate mineral formation from ultramafic tailings produced by nickel, diamond,”
From Carbon Sequestration in Biogenic Magnesite and Other Magnesium Carbonate Minerals (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Passive carbonation of ultramafic tailings has been documented at several sites under normal mining conditions.
“As an indication of their reactivity, passive carbonation of ultramafic tailings has been documented at several sites under normal mining conditions [11,17,18,20,21,24,26,30].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Ultramafic and mafic mine wastes are more reactive than felsic tailings.
“Although felsic tailings may also act as mineral feedstock for carbonation reactions, ultramafic and mafic mine wastes have been the focus of most studies as these wastes are more reactive (e.g., [18,25]).”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Passive carbonation has been documented at Clinton Creek, Diavik, Mount Keith, and other abandoned and active mine sites in Canada, United States, Australia, and Norway.
“Passive carbonation has been documented at Clinton Creek [18,20], Diavik [17,21], and Mount Keith [11,19] as well as other abandoned and active mine sites in Canada, United States, Australia, and Norway [24,26,30,42].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Metastable phases including lansfordite, nesquehonite, dypingite, and hydromagnesite typically form from weathering of ultramafic mine tailings.
“Thus, metastable phases including lansfordite [MgCO 3 •5H 2 O], nesquehonite [MgCO 3 •3H 2 O], dypingite [Mg 5 (CO 3 ) 4 (OH) 2 •5H 2 O], and hydromagnesite typically form from weathering of ultramafic mine tailings [11,18,20,21,26].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Mg-carbonate minerals commonly form at tailings surfaces as efflorescent crusts, thick hardpans, and at depth within tailings as cement between mineral grains.
“Mg-carbonate minerals commonly form at tailings surfaces as efflorescent crusts (insets in Figure 1), thick hardpans, and at depth within tailings as cement between mineral grains [18].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Clinton Creek tailings have sequestered an average of 6200 g CO2/m2/year within hydrated Mg-carbonate minerals since the mine closed in 1978.
“The tailings at the abandoned Clinton Creek mine have sequestered an average of 6200 g CO 2 /m 2 /year within hydrated Mg-carbonate minerals since the mine closed in 1978 (Table 1) [18,47].”
From Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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Mayes, W. M., Riley, A. L., Gomes, H. I., Brabham, P., Hamlyn, J., Pullin, H., & Renforth, P. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b01883 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Strategizing carbon-neutral mines: A case for pilot projects
Power, I., McCutcheon, J., Harrison, A., Wilson, S., Dipple, G., Kelly, S., Southam, C., & Southam, G. (2014) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min4020399 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationChrysotile dissolution rates: Implications for carbon sequestration
Thom, J. G. M., Dipple, G. M., Power, I. M., & Harrison, A. L. (2013) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.04.016 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationPower, I. M., Dipple, G. M., Bradshaw, P. M. D., & Harrison, A. L. (2020) · International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102895 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, S., Raudsepp, M., & Dipple, G. M. (2009) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.09.018 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationMervine, E. M., Wilson, S., Power, I. M., Dipple, G. M., Turvey, C. C., Hamilton, J. L., Vanderzee, S., Raudsepp, M., Southam, C., Matter, J. M., et al. (2018) · Mineralogy and Petrology · doi:10.1007/s00710-018-0589-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPronost, J., Beaudoin, G., Lemieux, J.-M., Hébert, R., Constantin, M., Marcouiller, S., Klein, M., Duchesne, J., Molson, J. W., Larachi, F., et al. (2012) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g32583.1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Harrison, A. L., Dipple, G. M., Power, I. M., & Mayer, K. U. (2016) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.12.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon Sequestration in Biogenic Magnesite and Other Magnesium Carbonate Minerals
McCutcheon, J., Power, I. M., Shuster, J., Harrison, A. L., Dipple, G. M., & Southam, G. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b07055 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationClumped-isotope thermometry of magnesium carbonates in ultramafic rocks
García del Real, P., Maher, K., Kluge, T., Bird, D. K., Brown, G. E., & John, C. M. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.08.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Modern carbonate microbialites from an asbestos open pit pond, Yukon, Canada
POWER, I. M., WILSON, S., DIPPLE, G. M., & SOUTHAM, G. (2011) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2010.00265.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationGras, A., Beaudoin, G., Molson, J., Plante, B., Bussière, B., Lemieux, J. M., & Dupont, P. P. (2017) · International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control · doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2017.03.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Śliwiński, M. G., Kitajima, K., Spicuzza, M. J., Orland, I. J., Ishida, A., Fournelle, J. H., & Valley, J. W. (2018) · Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research · doi:10.1111/ggr.12194 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Carbon Mineralization with North American PGM Mine Tailings—Characterization and Reactivity Analysis
Woodall, C. M., Lu, X., Dipple, G., & Wilcox, J. (2021) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min11080844 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In fact, some wastes containing more reactive minerals are sufficiently reactive to passively draw down CO2 from the ambient air, as evidenced by mine tailings [8,9] and demolition wastes [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe decomposition of konyaite: importance in CO<sub>2</sub>fixation in mine tailings
Mills, S. J., Wilson, S. A., Dipple, G. M., & Raudsepp, M. (2010) · Mineralogical Magazine · doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.5.903 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced silicate weathering is not limited by silicic acid saturation
Schuiling, R. D., Wilson, S., & Power, L. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019024108 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationIsotope chemistry to trace carbon mineralization in construction materials
Jansen, D., Matschei, T., Van Geldern, R., Barth, J., & Snellings, R. (2026) · RILEM Technical Letters · doi:10.21809/rilemtechlett.2026.232
- Authors
- Wilson, S., Dipple, G. M., Power, I. M., Thom, J. M., Anderson, R. G., Raudsepp, M., Gabites, J. E., & Southam, G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Western University (CA)
- Geological Survey of Canada (CA)
- Venue
- Economic Geology
- Publisher
- Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
- Published
- 2009-01-01
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-112
- ISSN
- 0361-0128 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-0774
- OpenAlex
- W2104664138
- Semantic Scholar
- 723521cc5dfe92a2a54d9369e2e74042b2d10e60
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Economic Geology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Natural Resources Limited
- Natural Resources Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Tailings Management and Properties
- Keywords
- hydrated magnesium carbonate, nesquehonite, dypingite, hydromagnesite, carbonate formation, stable isotope geochemistry, radiocarbon dating, ore milling, soil carbonates
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