CoChat
Sign Up
PreprintCited by 2

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Mapping the Ideological Marketplace

Bonica, Adam·2012
DOI 10.2139/ssrn.2148801
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

I develop a method to measure the ideology of candidates and contributors using campaign finance data. Combined with a data set of over 100 million contribution records from state and federal elections, the method estimates ideal points for an expansive range of political actors. The common pool of contributors who give across institutions and levels of politics makes it possible to recover a unified set of ideological measures for members of Congress, the President and executive branch, state legislators, governors and other state officials, as well as the interest groups and individuals that make political donations. Since candidates fundraise regardless of incumbency status, the method estimates ideal points for both incumbents and non-incumbents. After establishing measure validity and addressing issues concerning strategic behavior, I present results for a variety of political actors and discuss several promising avenues of research made possible by the new measures.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2139/ssrn.2148801

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Research works printed but not linked: 89

  1. John H Aldrich, 1995, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America, 10.7208/chicago/9780226012773.001.0001 · DOI
  2. John H Aldrich, 2002, Conditional Party Government in the States, American Journal of Political Science, 46, 164, 10.2307/3088420 · DOI
  3. Ansolabehere, 2003, Why is There So Little Money in U.S. Politics?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17, 105, 10.3386/w9409 · DOI
  4. Stephen Ansolabehere, 2001, Candidate Positioning in U.S. House Elections, American Journal of Political Science, 45, 136, 10.2307/2669364 · DOI
  5. Joseph Bafumi, 2010, Leapfrog Representation and Extremism: A Study of American Voters and Their Members in Congress, The American Political Science Review, 104, 519, 10.1017/s0003055410000316 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Michael A Bailey, 2007, Comparable Preference Estimates across Time and Institutions for the Court, Congress, and Presidency, American Journal of Political Science, 51, 433, 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00260.x · DOI
  7. David P Baron, 1989, Service-Induced Campaign Contributions and the Electoral Equilibrium, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104, 45, 10.2307/2937834 · DOI
  8. Jean-Paul Benzecri, 1992, Correspondence Analysis Handbook. Statistics, textbooks and monographs, 10.1201/9780585363035 · DOI
  9. William D Berry, 1998, Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960-93, American Journal of Political Science, 42, 327, 10.2307/2991759 · DOI
  10. William D Berry, 2007, The Measurement and Stability of State Citizen Ideology, State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 7, 111, 10.1177/153244000700700201 · DOI
  11. Adam Bonica, 2013, Ideology and Interests in the Political Marketplace, American Journal of Political Science, 57, 294, 10.1111/ajps.12014 · DOI
  12. Adam Bonica, 2013, The Punctuated Origins of Senate Polarization, Legislative Studies Quarterly . Forthcoming, 10.1111/lsq.12031 · DOI
  13. Barry C Burden, 2004, Candidate Positioning in US Congressional Elections, British Journal of Political Science, 34, 211, 10.1017/s000712340400002x · DOI
  14. Marc L Busch, 2000, Geography, International Trade, and Political Mobilization in U.S. Industries, American Journal of Political Science, 44, 703, 10.2307/2669276 · DOI
  15. Adrian C Cameron, 1996, R-squared measures for count data regression models with applications to health-care utilization, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 14, 209, 10.2307/1392433 · DOI
  16. Joshua D Clinton, 2006, Representation in Congress: Constituents and Roll Calls in the 106th House, The Journal of Politics, 68, 397, 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00415.x · DOI
  17. Joshua D Clinton, 2007, Lawmaking and Roll Calls, The Journal of Politics, 69, 457, 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00543.x · DOI
  18. Joshua D Clinton, 2004, Testing Explanations of Strategic Voting in Legislatures: A Reexamination of the Compromise of 1790, American Journal of Political Science, 48, 675, 10.2307/1519927 · DOI
  19. Joshua D Clinton, 2004, The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data, The American Political Science Review, 98, 355, 10.1017/s0003055404001194 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Gary W Cox, 1999, How Much is Majority Status in the, The American Political Science Review, 93, 299, 10.2307/2585397 · DOI
  21. Gary W Cox, 2002, On Measuring Partisanship in Roll-Call Voting: The U.S. House of Representatives, 1877-1999, American Journal of Political Science, 46, 477, 10.2307/3088393 · DOI
  22. Gary W Cox, 2006, Setting the Agenda
  23. Arthur T Denzau, 1986, Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests get Represented, The American Political Science Review, 80, 89, 10.2307/1957085 · DOI
  24. Anthony Downs, 1957, An Economic theory of Democracy
  25. James M Enelow, 1974, The Spatial Theory of Voting: An Introduction
  26. Michael J Ensley, 2009, Individual campaign contributions and candidate ideology, Public Choice, 138, 221, 10.1007/s11127-008-9350-6 · DOI
  27. David Epstein, 1994, Administrative Procedures, Information, and Agency Discretion, American Journal of Political Science, 38, 697, 10.2307/2111603 · DOI
  28. Epstein, 2007, The Judicial Common Space, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 23, 303, 10.1093/jleo/ewm024 · DOI
  29. John Ferejohn, 1990, Congressional Influence on Bureaucracy, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 6, 1, 10.1093/jleo/6.special_issue.1 · DOI
  30. Sean Gailmard, 2007, Slackers and Zealots: Civil Service, Policy Discretion, and Bureaucratic Expertise, American Journal of Political Science, 51, 873, 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00286.x · DOI
  31. Sanford C Gordon, 2007, Consumption or Investment? On Motivations for Political Giving, Consumption or Investment? On Motivations for Political Giving, 69, 1057, 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00607.x · DOI
  32. Michael J Greenacre, 1984, Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis
  33. Michael J Greenacre, 2007, Correspondence analysis in practice. Interdisciplinary statistics series 2nd ed, 10.1201/9781420011234 · DOI
  34. Kevin B Grier, 1991, Committee Assignments, Constituent Preferences, and Campaign Contributions, Economic Inquiry, 29, 24, 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01250.x · DOI
  35. Jacob S Hacker, 2005, Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy
  36. Jacob S Hacker, 2010, Winner-take-all politics : how Washington made the rich richer-and turned its back on the middle class
  37. Gary C Jacobson, 1985, Money and Votes Reconsidered: Congressional Elections, 1972-1982, Public Choice, 47, 7, 10.1007/bf00119352 · DOI
  38. Gary C Jacobson, 2007, Explaining the Ideological Polarization of the Congressional Parties since the 1970's. Party, Process and Political Change
  39. Georgia Kernell, 2009, Giving Order to Districts: Estimating Voter Distributions with National Election Returns, Political Analysis, 17, 215, 10.1093/pan/mpp002 · DOI
  40. Thad Kousser, 2007, Ideological Adaptation? The Survival Instinct of Threatened Legislators, The Journal of Politics, 69, 828, 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00578.x · DOI
  41. Keith Krehbiel, 1998, Pivotal Politics: A Theory of, 10.7208/chicago/9780226452739.001.0001 · DOI
  42. Keith Krehbiel, 2000, Party Discipline and Measures of Partisanship, American Journal of Political Science, 44, 212, 10.2307/2669306 · DOI
  43. Michael Laver, 2003, Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data, American Political Science Review, 92, 311, 10.1017/s0003055403000698 · DOI · Paper page
  44. John Londregan, 2000, Estimating Legislator's Preferred Points, Political Analysis, 8, 35, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029804 · DOI · Paper page
  45. Will Lowe, 2008, Understanding Wordscores, Political Analysis, 16, 356, 10.1093/pan/mpn004 · DOI · Paper page
  46. Thomas E Mann, 2012, It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism
  47. Brian A Marks, 1988, A Model of Judicial Influence on Congressional Policymaking: Grove City College v. Bell, 10.1093/jleo/ews010 · DOI
  48. Andrew D Martin, 2002, Dynamic Ideal Point Estimation via Markov Chain Monte Carlo for the, Political Analysis, 10, 134, 10.1093/pan/10.2.134 · DOI
  49. Mccarty, 2001, The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress, The American Political Science Review, 95, 673, 10.1017/s0003055401003069 · DOI
  50. Mccarty, 2006, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches
  51. Nolan Mccarty, 1996, Commitment and the Campaign Contribution Contract, American Journal of Political Science, 40, 872, 10.2307/2111799 · DOI
  52. Nolan M Mccarty, 1998, An Empirical Spatial Model of Congressional Campaigns, Political Analysis, 7, 1, 10.1093/pan/7.1.1 · DOI
  53. Eric Mcghee, 2010, A Primary Cause of Partisanship? Nomination Systems and Legislator Ideology, 10.2139/ssrn.1674091 · DOI
  54. Mcnollgast, 1995, Politics and Courts: A Positive Theory of Judicial Doctrine and the Rule of Law, Southern California Law Review, 68, 1631
  55. Burt L Monroe, 2004, Talk's Cheap: Text Based Estimation of Rhetorical IdealPoints, 21st Annual Summer Meeting
  56. Burt L Monroe, 2008, Fightin' Words: Lexical Feature Selection and Evaluation for Identifying the Content of Political Conflict, Political Analysis, 16, 372, 10.1093/pan/mpn018 · DOI · Paper page
  57. Timothy P Nokken, 2004, Congressional Party Defection in American History, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 29, 545, 10.3162/036298004x201294 · DOI
  58. Keith T Poole, 1998, Recovering a Basic Space from a Set of Issue Scales, American Journal of Political Science, 42, 964, 10.2307/2991737 · DOI
  59. Keith T Poole, 2000, Nonparametric Unfolding of Binary Choice Data, Political Analysis, 8, 211, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a029814 · DOI
  60. Keith T Poole, 2005, Spatial Models Of Parliamentary Voting, Analytical Methods for Social Research
  61. Keith T Poole, 2007, Changing Minds? Not in Congress!, Public Choice, 131, 435, 10.1007/s11127-006-9124-y · DOI
  62. Keith T Poole, 1985, A Spatial Model for Legislative Roll Call Analysis, American Journal of Political Science, 29, 357, 10.2307/2111172 · DOI
  63. Keith T Poole, 1991, Patterns of Congressional Voting, American Journal of Political Science, 35, 228, 10.2307/2111445 · DOI
  64. Keith T Poole, 1997, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting
  65. Jason M Roberts, 1971, Procedural Contexts, Party Strategy, and Conditional Party Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives, 47, 305, 10.2307/3186140 · DOI
  66. Daniel B Rodriguez, 2003, The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151, 1417, 10.2307/3312937 · DOI
  67. Thomas Romer, 1994, An Empirical Investigation of the Dynamics of PAC Contributions, American Journal of Political Science, 38, 745, 10.2307/2111605 · DOI
  68. Boris Shor, 2010, A Bridge to Somewhere: Mapping State and Congressional Ideology on a Cross-Institutional Common Space, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 35, 417, 10.3162/036298010792069198 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Boris Shor, 2011, The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures, American Political Science Review, 105, 530, 10.1017/s0003055411000153 · DOI
  70. Jonathan B Slapin, 2008, A Scaling Model for Estimating Time-Series Party Positions from Texts, American Journal of Political Science, 52, 705, 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00338.x · DOI · Paper page
  71. James M Snyder, 1990, Campaign Contributions as Investments: The U.S. House of Representatives, 1980-1986, Journal of Political Economy, 98, 1195, 10.1086/261731 · DOI
  72. James M Snyder, 2000, Estimating Party Influence in Congressional Roll-Call Voting, American Journal of Political Science, 44, 193, 10.2307/2669305 · DOI
  73. Thomas Stratmann, 1991, What Do Campaign Contributions Buy? Deciphering Causal Effects of Money and Votes, Southern Economic Journal, 57, 606, 10.2307/1059776 · DOI
  74. Chris Tausanovitch, 2012, Measuring Constituent Policy Preferences in Congress, State Legislatures, and Cities, The Journal of Politics, 75, 330, 10.1017/s0022381613000042 · DOI
  75. Ter Braak, 1985, Correspondence Analysis of Incidence and Abundance Data: Properties in Terms of a Unimodal Response Model, Biometrics, 41, 859, 10.2307/2530959 · DOI
  76. Sean M Theriault, 2008, Party polarization in Congress, 10.1017/CBO9780511790652 · DOI
  77. Shawn Treier, 2009, The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate, Public Opinion Quarterly, 73, 679, 10.1093/poq/nfp067 · DOI
  78. Jonathan Wand, 2007, The Allocation of Campaign Contributions by Interest Groups and the Rise of Elite Polarization
  79. Jonathan Wand, 2012, Private Interests Financing Public Elections: How economic battles are transformed into partisan politics
  80. Gerald C Wright, 2007, Representation in America's Legislatures
  81. Adam Bonica, 2013, Ideology and Interests in the Political Marketplace, American Journal of Political Science, 57, 294, 10.1111/ajps.12014 · DOI
  82. J Carroll, 1986, Interpoint Distance Comparisons in Correspondence Analysis, Journal of Marketing Research, 23, 271, 10.1177/002224378602300307 · DOI
  83. K Gabriel, 1979, Lower Rank Approximation of Matrices by Least Squares with Any Choice of Weights, Technometrics, 21, 489, 10.2307/1268288 · DOI
  84. Michael J Greenacre, 1984, Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis
  85. Michael J Greenacre, 2009, Power Transformations in Correspondence Analysis, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 3107, 10.1016/j.csda.2008.09.001 · DOI
  86. Michael Laver, 2003, Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data, American Political Science Review, 92, 311, 10.1017/s0003055403000698 · DOI · Paper page
  87. Will Lowe, 2008, Understanding Wordscores, Political Analysis, 16, 356, 10.1093/pan/mpn004 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Mccarty, 2001, The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress, The American Political Science Review, 95, 673, 10.1017/s0003055401003069 · DOI
  89. Mccarty, 2006, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Bonica, A.
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012
DOI
10.2139/ssrn.2148801
Cited by
2
References
1
Type
Preprint

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review