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Let Me Hold Your Hand: Effects of Anthropomorphism and Touch Behavior on Self-Disclosure Intention, Attachment, and Cerebral Activity Towards AI Mental Health Counselors

Zhang, Z., Guo, F., Fang, C., & Chen, J. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2446502 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Self-disclosure to AI: People provide personal information to AI and humans equivalently

Merwin, E. R., Hagen, A. C., Keebler, J. R., & Forbes, C. E. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100180 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Perspectives on the Benefits, Concerns, and Requirements Associated with the Implementation of AI Chatbots for Mental Health Support: A Multi-Stakeholder Qualitative Survey

Lammers, A. F., & Bassil, K. C. (2026) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2026.2649181 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Deploying artificial intelligence for healthcare: An empirical study on the patients' usage of health care service and AI's anthropomorphic structure form

Moriuchi, E. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Are Female Chatbots More Empathic? - Discussing Gendered Conversational Agent through Empathic Design

Jung, J.-Y., & Bozzon, A. (2023) · doi:10.1145/3588967.3588970 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

An AI Approach to Support Student Mental Health: Case of Developing an AI-Powered Web-Platform with Nature-Based Mindfulness

Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Grunwald, S., Chu, S. L., Kamble, P., & Kumar, J. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education · doi:10.1080/10963758.2024.2369128 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Do Narcissistic People Exhibit More Authentic Self-Disclosure to Generative AI? The Roles of Short-Form Video Addiction, Loneliness, and Usage Intention

Wang, P., Yue, Y., Ouyang, M., Yin, L., Yin, Y., & Li, B. (2024) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393241308511 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Predicting Engagement With Conversational Agents in Mental Health Therapy by Examining the Role of Epistemic Trust, Personality, and Fear of Intimacy: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study

Guglielmucci, F., & Di Basilio, D. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/70698 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Challenges and opportunities in using interpretable AI to develop relationship interventions

Puhlman, D. J., & Chen, C. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13172 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Conversationally Actionable Process Model Creation

Klievtsova, N., Kampik, T., Mangler, J., & Rinderle‐Ma, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81375-7_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Generative AI and the profession of genetic counseling

Meekins‐Doherty, L., Dive, L. L., McEwen, A., & Sexton, A. (2025) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.2009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Enhancing academic stress assessment through self-disclosure chatbots: effects on engagement, accuracy, and self-reflection

Park, M., Fels, S., & Seo, K. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00527-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence for Virtual Reality: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Wang, Y., Guizani, M., & Hossain, M. S. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/3769090 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

What Drives Patient Preferences for AI Chatbots Over Doctors? A Survey Study Using the O-S-O-R Model

Liu, Z., Zou, W., & Yang, S. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2537814 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

AI meets psychology: an exploratory study of large language models’ competence in psychotherapy contexts

Tan, K. S., Cervin, M., Leman, P. J., Nielsen, K., Kumar, P. V., & Medvedev, O. N. (2025) · Journal of Psychology and AI · doi:10.1080/29974100.2025.2545258 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Enhancing Self-Disclosure Intensions in Mental Health Support: The Catalytic Effect of Chatbot Bubble Coloring, Moderated by Expressive Suppression and Mediated by Information Processing Fluency and Perceived Initial Trust

Zhao, Y., Keyong, Z., Haixin, X., Zhang, J., Zou, J., Runhao, L., & Lijing, W. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2575298 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

AI or human? Exploring the effects of user awareness in conversational dynamics with virtual avatars

Kober, S. E., Streit, S., & Wood, G. M. D. O. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108984 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Designing Human-Centric AI Mental Health Chatbots: A Case Study of Two Apps

Lee, K. S., Yeung, J., Kurniawati, A., & Chou, D. T. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1747-0_36 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Navigating the complexity of AI adoption in psychotherapy by identifying key facilitators and barriers

Cecil, J., Schaffernak, I., Evangelou, D., Lermer, E., Gaube, S., & Kleine, A. (2026) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00199-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Transactions to Relationship

Chakraborty, T., Sharada, V. S., & Sai, S. D. D. (2024) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5668-5.ch002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Intention to Use “Untact” Services by Service Type

Liu, H., Lee, C., Kim, K., Lee, J., Moon, A., Lee, D., & Park, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15042870 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Self-Disclosure in Digital Healthcare: Enhancing User Engagement

Goh, M., Jeong, H., Yoo, J. H., & Han, O. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA) · doi:10.1109/ica58824.2023.00020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Beyond the Illusion: LLMs and the Case for Pragmatic Cues in Conversation

Spillner, L., Rockstroh, J., Peña, P. R., Wenig, N., Zargham, N., & Cowan, B. R. (2025) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3719160.3737614 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

How AI Alleviates Woes: The Impact of Chatbot Relational Cues on Emotional Interaction Experiences

Xiang, Y., Gu, R., Chen, Z., Gan, T., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2601286 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Embodied conversational agents for collecting patient-reported data: effective for some, challenging for others – results of a cross-sectional study in multiple sclerosis care

Weimann, T. G., Schlieter, H., Konofalska, U., & Ziemssen, T. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2641598 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence Chatbots as Relational Agents: A Systematic Review of Human–AI Chatbot Relationships

Oh, Y. J., Hu, J. M., Zhu, R., Lim, J. I., & Zhang, X. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2648799 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Tapping into Key Drivers: Self-Disclosure in Sensitive Health Conversations with ChatGPT

Kelly, S., White, K. M., Kaye, S.-A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, Ó. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2499656 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Unlocking Privacy in Healthcare: The Impact of Explanations on Privacy Concerns and Self‐Disclosure to Conversational Technologies

Papneja, H., & Devaraj, S. (2025) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1002/joom.70026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Examining trust and agency in emotionalized AI through a 4E and biosemiotic lens: a case study of AI companionship in Japan

Mantello, P., Ponton, D., & Olteanu, A. (2025) · Ai & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02694-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Costly “Greetings” from AI: Effects of Product Recommenders and Self-Disclosure Levels on Transaction Costs

Chen, Y., Tu, Y., & Zeng, S. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16188236 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Rest assured: the influence of chatbots’ assurance statements and service outcome personalization on user data management

Ollier, J., Nißen, M., & von Wangenheim, F. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108768 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

'Poker with Play Money': Exploring Psychotherapist Training with Virtual Patients

Baseman, C. M., Hasan, M., Swinger, N., Rauch, S. A. M., Hoque, M. E., & Arriaga, R. I. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757450 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring the Customer Experience Regarding AI-Powered Fintech Chatbots in Terms of SOR Theory

Çam, S., Tuna, M. F., & Bayır, T. (2026) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer21020049 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

When and How to Integrate Multimodal Large Language Models in College Psychotherapy: Feedback from Psychotherapists in China

Wang, J., Sheng, Y., He, Q., Liu, S., Jing, Y., & He, D. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720159 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Collecting initial accounts using ChatCharlie chatbot improves eyewitness memory in later investigative interviews

Dando, C. J., & Adam, C. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93281-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Investigating the use of AI in psychological counseling: systematic review

Li, B., Paracha, S., Limniou, M., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-04-2025-0027 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Empowering mental health professionals in asynchronous online psychotherapy with GenAI

Bucher, A. M., Vashkite, I., Staehelin, D., Dolata, M., & Schwabe, G. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-026-00700-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Dynamic Anthropomorphism and Artificial Empathy in Conversational Agents: A Wizard-of-Oz Experimental Evaluation

Nanos, D., & Lappas, G. (2026) · Digital · doi:10.3390/digital6020028 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Designing Digital Health Innovation for Stigma-Affected Health Conditions: A Systems-Based View to Managing Chronic Pelvic Pain

de Paula, D. F. O., Juehling, D., & Uebernickel, F. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2485494 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

SustainTima: a task-oriented text-based conversational AI agent for sustainable fast fashion brands

Campuzano, E. P., & Chakraborty, S. (2025) · International Journal of Fashion Design Technology and Education · doi:10.1080/17543266.2025.2584821 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The influence of chatbot social presence and media appeal on brand likability and usage intention: Evidence from Coffeehouse brands

Ibrahim, B., Awwad, R. A., Hazzam, J., Hamdan, S., & Aljarah, A. (2025) · Journal of Foodservice Business Research · doi:10.1080/15378020.2025.2595316 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

ParkPal: Design and Wizard of Oz trial of a voice-based nature guide

Webber, S. E., Wadley, G., & Fujioka, C. (2024) · Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (OzCHI) · doi:10.1145/3726986.3727022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Realistic human-like avatar embodiment diminishes outcomes in digital emotion regulation interventions

Naumann, E. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100952 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Imitation of Intimacy: Comparing Satisfaction in Intimate Human and AI Companion Relationships

Masterson, A. M., Ye, X., Li, Y., & Robert, L. (2026) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/3776734.3794515 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Google it or ask ChatGPT? Impact of software developers' information search practices on organisational information security

Paz-Chen, M., Lanir, J., & Ayalon, O. (2026) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2026.2654495 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

From Human Pragmatic Language Skills to Conversational Agent Design: A Systematic Review of Transfer Strategies

Hu, J., Yao, X., Huang, Z., Liang, D., Yang, D., Liu, D., Li, J., Zhang, Y., & Ma, X. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3792787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring the Effects of Different Chatbot Voice Identities on Self-Disclosure

Mogi, Y., Akahori, W., & Yamashita, N. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790546 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A scoping review on conversational AI in mental health: A human-centered perspective

Li, J., Li, H., Zhu, H., Walter, H., Banaschewski, T., Li, C., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106460 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Fostering Information Disclosure in Telemental Healthcare Settings: How Telehealth Can Mitigate the Deleterious Effects of Stigma

Raimi, R., Lowry, P. B., & Straub, D. W. (2026) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2026.2647466 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Dual Role of Individualism in AI Chatbot Disclosure: How Privacy Concerns, Culture, and Behavior Shape Human–AI Communication Across Mainland China, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, and the U.S.

Cao, B., Wen, C., Scherr, S., Kobayashi, T., & Jiang, L. C. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2664702 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Ethical Interaction Trilogy Among Companies, Customers, and AI-Chatbots

Ragab, F. A., & Belal, M. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-3361-8.ch005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effects of Empathetic Responses, Agent Identity, and Gender Match on Users’ Self-Disclosure of Depression and Perceptions in Human–Chatbot Interactions

Li, X., Cui, W., Olatunji, S., & Piercy, C. W. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2692012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

GenAI as counsellor: how employee evaluations drive engagement and organizational attractiveness

Cao, T. T., Zhang, Y., & Tuân, N. P. (2026) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-02-2026-0238 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Opening Up to AI or Not: Compassion Mindsets Regulate the Intensity of Venting to AI Versus Human Friends

Zhai, J., & Zhang, J. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2707698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

When AI Venting Helps or Harms: How Perceived Anonymity Shapes Supportive Interactions With Conversational Agents

Liu, P. L., & Yeo, T. E. D. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2719169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Why do users resist chatbots? Exploring intrapersonal and systemic barriers in AI-based services

Jo, H., & Oh, J.-S. (2026) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515261479294 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

KI Chatbots als Paartherapie

Hardiek, M. (2025) · Beratung aktuell · doi:10.30820/1437-3181-2025-2-49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Human-Like Avatar Embodiment: Advantage or Disadvantage in Digital Emotion Regulation Intervention?Preprint

Naumann, E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5440041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The effect of chatbots on self-disclosure among users

Wu, S. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781032676043-91

Toward Maximizing the Value of Artificial Intelligence in Business: The Effect of Chatbots’ User and System Factors on Consumers’ Brand Perceptions and Purchase Intention in the Presence of Resistance and Privacy ConcernsPreprint

Kbaier, E., Bakini, F., Salminen, J. O., & Jansen, B. J. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4879878

The relationships of personality organization, mental illness attitudes and perspectives toward psychotherapy: The mediating role of emotional self‐disclosure

Bougar, M. R., Khavasi, S., Khodarahimi, S., Mazraeh, N., Merati, A., Hesam, M., & Alavi, P. S. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies · doi:10.1002/aps.1887

Human-AI Collaboration Supporting GPT-4o Achieving Human-Level User Feedback in Emotional Support Conversations: Integrative Modeling and Prompt Engineering Approaches (Preprint)Preprint

Huang, Y., Li, L., Dong, W., Dong, Y., Huang, Y., & Liu, H. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.65435

A Hybrid-Multimodal Mental Health Chatbot for Psychological Counselling

Gounder, K. K., Tripathy, B. K., & Wagh, D. A. (2025) · Learning and analytics in intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82706-8_23

Navigating Ethical Challenges of AI Chatbots for Sex Therapy

Fu, M., & Chan, W. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198945215.003.0075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Factors Influencing Switching Intention in Islamic Banking in Indonesia’s Muslim Community

Sadat, A. M., Nuh, A., & Rizan, M. (2025) · International Journal of Islamic Finance and Sustainable Development · doi:10.55188/ijifsd.v17i2.1047 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Effectiveness of AI Psychotherapy, Compared to Human Providers: A Meta-Synthesis Research

Hidalgo, R. G. (2025) · doi:10.46569/9w032c28t

Erweiterung des Coachings durch Generative KI: Einblicke in Nutzung, Effektivität und Zukunftspotenziale

Haase, J. (2025) · Organisationsberatung Supervision Coaching · doi:10.1007/s11613-025-00946-x

Revisiting Communication Theories in Human–Machine Communication: The Joint Sense-Making Process Between Humans and Machines

Tang, X. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6432-0_22

Foot-in-the-door Mechanisms for Increasing Information Disclosure Online

Ilany-Tzur, N., & Fink, L. (2025) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2025.2594327

Dialogic CSR Communication via AI-Generated Chatbots: Effects of Dialogic Competencies and Conversational Tone on Public ResponsesPreprint

Kim, Y., Acaf, Y., Du, T., & Tao, J. J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6124130

A Three-Layered Framework and Measurement Toolkit for Understanding Emotional and Relational Engagement with AI

Chen, C., Ren, H., Liu, J., Tian, F., & Wang, F. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2725999

AI Counselors’ Nonverbal Immediacy and User Engagement: A Mediated Moderation Model

Namkoong, M., Park, G., Park, Y. K., & Lee, S. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2648800

When Trust Splits the Room : Comparing User Trust and Experiences with Human and LLM Counselors

Park, S., Song, Y., Cho, S., & Yun, M. H. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798485

The Effect of Social Chatbot Avatar Presentation on User Self-disclosure

Yuan, J., Liu, Y., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems

Knowledge cues to human origins facilitate self-disclosure during interactions with chatbots

Warren-Smith, G., Laban, G., Pacheco, E.-M., & Cross, E. S. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100174 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

User perception and self-disclosure towards an AI psychotherapy chatbot according to the anthropomorphism of its profile picture

Lee, J., & Lee, D. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102052 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Unveiling the human touch: how AI chatbots’ emotional support and human-like profiles reduce psychological reactance to promote user self-disclosure in mental health services

Kim, H., & Wang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/02650487.2025.2558479 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Enhancing User’s Self-Disclosure through Chatbot’s Co-Activity and Conversation Atmosphere Visualization

Pujiarti, R. N., Lee, B., & Yi, M. Y. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2116414 · Cited by 19 · see citing works