Manage Your Life Online: A Web-Based Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Problem-Solving Intervention in a Student Sample
Open accessAbstract
Background: Evidence for the efficacy of computer-based psychological interventions is growing. A number of such interventions have been found to be effective, especially for mild to moderate cases. They largely rely on psychoeducation and ‘homework tasks’, and are specific to certain diagnoses (e.g. depression). Aims: This paper presents the results of a web-based randomized controlled trial of Manage Your Life Online (MYLO), a program that uses artificial intelligence to engage the participant in a conversation across any problem topic. Method: Healthy volunteers ( n = 213) completed a baseline questionnaire and were randomized to the MYLO program or to an active control condition where they used the program ELIZA, which emulates a Rogerian psychotherapist. Participants completed a single session before completing post-study and 2-week follow-up measures. Results: Analyses were per protocol with intent to follow-up. Both programs were associated with improvements in problem distress, anxiety and depression post-intervention, and again 2 weeks later, but MYLO was not found to be more effective than ELIZA. MYLO was rated as significantly more helpful than ELIZA, but there was no main effect of intervention on problem resolution. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with those of a previous smaller, laboratory-based trial and provide support for the acceptability and effectiveness of MYLO delivered over the internet for a non-clinical sample. The lack of a no-treatment control condition means that the effect of spontaneous recovery cannot be ruled out.
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Only 3 studies included a follow-up period.
“Only 3 studies included a follow-up period [23,24,27].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
In these studies, both intervention and control conditions demonstrated reduced distress or increased uptake of stress management techniques.
“Furthermore, 4 controlled studies reported no significant posttreatment differences on measures of psychological distress between the intervention and control groups [24,27,32,33] with both intervention and control conditions demonstrating reduced distress [24,27,33] or increased uptake of stress management techniques [32].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Four controlled studies reported no significant posttreatment differences on measures of psychological distress between the intervention and control groups.
“Furthermore, 4 controlled studies reported no significant posttreatment differences on measures of psychological distress between the intervention and control groups [24,27,32,33] with both intervention and control conditions demonstrating reduced distress [24,27,33] or increased uptake of stress management techniques [32].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Two pilot trials with active control groups found significantly higher ratings of problem resolution in the intervention group compared with the control group.
“In addition, 2 pilot trials with active control groups found significantly higher ratings of problem resolution in the intervention group compared with the control group [24,27].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
The use of conversational agents for treating mental health problems appears to be limited but is growing quickly, with 5 of the included studies published in 2018 alone.
“The use of conversational agents for treating mental health problems appears to be limited but is growing quickly, with 5 of the included studies published in 2018 alone [23,24,26,29,34].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Controlled studies with active control conditions failed to demonstrate superior effects.
“Controlled studies with active control conditions (eg, another conversational agent or human psychological therapy) failed to demonstrate superior effects [24,27,28].”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Two studies reported that participants indicated that they would recommend the conversational agent intervention to other people.
“Furthermore, 2 studies reported that participants indicated that they would recommend the conversational agent intervention to other people [18,24] (the proactive version).”
From Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Users of AI systems reported greater satisfaction, learning skills, and therapeutic alliance than users with non-AI-based programs such as eBooks, bibliotherapy, or text-based programs.
“Users of AI systems reported greater satisfaction, learning skills, and therapeutic alliance than users with non-AI-based programs, such as eBooks, bibliotherapy, or text-based programs [78,80,86].”
From Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
In the controlled intervention study rated as "fair", drop-out rates at endpoints were relatively high.
“One of the remaining three studies [80] was rated as “fair” with an 8 out of 14, as the condition to which each participant was allocated was not masked for the providers, drop-out rates at endpoints were relatively high, and the authors did not use valid assessment procedures.”
From Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
In the controlled intervention study rated as "fair", the condition to which each participant was allocated was not masked for the providers.
“One of the remaining three studies [80] was rated as “fair” with an 8 out of 14, as the condition to which each participant was allocated was not masked for the providers, drop-out rates at endpoints were relatively high, and the authors did not use valid assessment procedures.”
From Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
One of the remaining three controlled intervention studies was rated as "fair" with an 8 out of 14.
“One of the remaining three studies [80] was rated as “fair” with an 8 out of 14, as the condition to which each participant was allocated was not masked for the providers, drop-out rates at endpoints were relatively high, and the authors did not use valid assessment procedures.”
From Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
In the controlled intervention study rated as "fair", the authors did not use valid assessment procedures.
“One of the remaining three studies [80] was rated as “fair” with an 8 out of 14, as the condition to which each participant was allocated was not masked for the providers, drop-out rates at endpoints were relatively high, and the authors did not use valid assessment procedures.”
From Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Bird, T., Mansell, W., Wright, J., Gaffney, H., & Tai, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bird, Timothy
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-01-25
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 570-582
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2792708398
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 19.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- computerized cognitive behavioral therapy, problem-solving intervention, AI chatbots, Eliza, anxiety, depression, acceptability, spontaneous recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Treatment Outcome, Internet, Young Adult, Self Report
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