Effect of the sun on visible clinical signs of aging in Caucasian skin
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: AGING SIGNS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES: wrinkles/texture, lack of firmness of cutaneous tissues (ptosis), vascular disorders, and pigmentation heterogeneities. During a lifetime, skin will change in appearance and structure not only because of chronological and intrinsic processes but also due to several external factors such as gravity, sun and ultraviolet exposure, and high levels of pollution; or lifestyle factors that have important and obvious effects on skin aging, such as diet, tobacco, illness, or stress. The effect of these external factors leads to progressive degradations of tegument that appear with different kinetics. The aim of this study was to clinically quantify the effect of sun exposure on facial aging in terms of the appearance of new specific signs or in terms of increasing the classical signs of aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out on 298 Caucasian women from 30 years to 78 years old. The participants were divided into two groups according to their sun exposure history: 157 women were characterized as sun-seeking, and the other 141 were classified as sun-phobic. This division was made possible by dermatologist grading of heliodermal status on the basis of several observations of classic criteria: wrinkles, sagging, pigmentation heterogeneities, vascular disorders, elastosis, and so on. This work was an opportunity to complete clinical photographic tools by adding in our portfolio new scales for signs observed in the two groups. Thus, 22 clinical parameters were investigated by a panel of twelve trained experts to characterize each woman's face regarding standardized photographic scales, and thus describe the aging process. RESULTS: By calculating statistical correlations between the four clinical clusters (wrinkles/texture, ptosis, vascular disorders, and pigmentation disorders), and real age and apparent age on the one hand and heliodermal status on the other hand, we identified a link between each clinical cluster and aging and the photoaging process. By comparing evaluations of clinical signs between the two groups for each 10-year cluster, we demonstrated that whatever the age, a prevalence of pigmentation disorders for the sun-seeking group (ie, pigmentation) is strongly linked to ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Meanwhile, clinical signs of ptosis are linked more to chronological aging and do not present differences between the two groups, nor, therefore, photoaging. Wrinkles and texture are affected by the two aging processes. Finally, clinical signs of vascular disorders present no evolution with age. CONCLUSION: Clinical signs of aging are essentially influenced by extrinsic factors, especially sun exposure. Indeed UV exposure seems to be responsible for 80% of visible facial aging signs.
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Approximately 80% of skin aging on the face can be attributed to ultraviolet exposure.
“It has been reported that approximately 80% of skin aging on the face can be attributed to ultraviolet (UV) exposure [5].”
From Sunscreens and Photoaging: A Review of Current Literature (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results report an average sun damage percentage of 80.3% ± 4.82%, and the Conclusion describes sun exposure’s effect as about 80% of visible aging of a Caucasian woman’s face. The citing sentence omits those limits and presents the estimate as applying to facial skin aging generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Goodman, G. J., Armour, K., Kolodziejczyk, J. K., Santangelo, S., & Gallagher, C. J. (2017) · Australasian Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ajd.12637 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Foster, A. R., Chami, C. E., O’Neill, C. A., & Watson, R. E. B. (2019) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13058 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Epigenetics and Ultraviolet Radiation: Implications for Skin Ageing and Carcinogenesis
Barnes, B. M., Shyne, A., Gunn, D. A., Griffiths, C. E. M., & Watson, R. E. B. (2024) · Skin Health and Disease · doi:10.1002/ski2.410 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Rouvrais, C., Bacqueville, D., Bogdanowicz, P., Haure, M., Duprat, L., Coutanceau, C., Castex‐Rizzi, N., Duplan, H., Mengeaud, V., & Bessou‐Touya, S. (2017) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s123575 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sarkar, R., Garg, V. K., Jain, A., Agarwal, D., Wagle, A., Flament, F., & Verschoore, M. (2018) · Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology · doi:10.4103/ijdvl.ijdvl_932_17 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationSeurat, E., Verdin, A., Cazier, F., Courcot, D., Fitoussi, R., Vié, K., Desauziers, V., Momas, I., Séta, N., & Achard, S. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110350 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chen, B., Cai, S., Cui, L., Yu, T., Qiao, K., Su, Y., Xu, M., Tang, H., Liu, S., Yang, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113088 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Flament, F., David, A. M. A. R., Forichon, M., Caron, J., & Negre, C. (2019) · Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology · doi:10.2147/ccid.s226331 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationUVB Irradiation Induced Cell Damage and Early Onset of Junbb Expression in Zebrafish
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Photoaging and Topical Rejuvenation
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Assessing changes in some facial signs of fatigue in Chinese women, induced by a single working day
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Self-citationGuéniche, A., Valois, A., Calixto, L. S., Hevia, O. S., Labatut, F., Kérob, D., & Nielsen, M. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.17785 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flament, F., Gautier, B., Benize, A.-M., Charbonneau, A., & Cassier, M. (2017) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12427 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Photoaging and Topical Rejuvenation
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Granzyme B in aging and age-related pathologies
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Occupational Risk Assessment and Irritant Contact Dermatitis
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Sunscreens can preserve human skin microbiome upon erythemal UV exposure
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Skinly: A novel handheld IoT device for validating biophysical skin characteristics
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Son, B., Kang, W., Park, S., Choi, D., & Park, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179273 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flament, F., Zhang, Y., Jiang, R., Trehin, C., Cassier, M., Delaunay, C., Balooch, G., & Kroely, C. (2022) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.13153 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical purpura and elastosis and their correlation with skin tears in an aged population
Rayner, R., Carville, K., Leslie, G. D., & Dhaliwal, S. S. (2019) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-019-01899-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, E., Xue, Z., Ye, L., & Liao, Y. (2024) · Tissue Engineering Part B Reviews · doi:10.1089/ten.teb.2024.0274 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bae, S. H., Park, J. J., Jeung, S. E., Lee, J. A., Soo, B. K., Kim, N. S., & Moon, T. K. (2016) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.12234 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flament, F., Belkebla, S., Adam, A., Abric, A., & Amar, D. (2020) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.13446 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCostello, L., Goncalves, K., Gomez, P. D. L. S., Simpson, A., Maltman, D. J., Ritchie, P., Tasseff, R. A., Isfort, R. J., DiColandrea, T., Wei, X., et al. (2023) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14754 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Goodman, G. J., & Bagatin, E. (2024) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19867 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of seasonality and a daily photo‐protection upon some facial signs of Chinese women
Flament, F., & Qiu, H. (2016) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12369 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Flament, F., Bazin, R., Rubert, Simonpietri, Piot, B., & Laquieze
- Affiliations
- L'Oréal (France) (FR)
- Venue
- Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 221
- ISSN
- 1178-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3790843
- OpenAlex
- W2070638289
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 9.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
- Keywords
- photoaging, sun exposure, ultraviolet radiation, skin aging, facial aging, wrinkles, ptosis, skin sagging, skin pigmentation disorders, elastosis, chronological aging, extrinsic aging factors, white women, apparent age, skin texture, skin firmness
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