Defining skin aging and its risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Skin aging has been defined to encompass both intrinsic and extrinsic aging, with extrinsic aging effected by environmental influences and overlaying the effects of chronological aging. The risk factors of skin aging have been studied previously, using methods of quantifying skin aging. However, these studies have yet to be reviewed. To better understand skin aging risk factors and collate the available data, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted our systematic review in compliance with Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched in October 2020 using specific search strategies. Where odds ratios were reported, meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. Otherwise, significant factors were reported in this review. We identified seven notable risk factors for various skin aging phenotypes: age, gender, ethnicity, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure. This review's results will guide future works, such as those aiming to examine the interaction between genetic and environmental influences.
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Skin aging is a multifactorial biological process characterized by progressive alterations in skin structure, function, and appearance, including wrinkle formation, reduced hydration, impaired barrier integrity, and loss of elasticity.
“Skin aging is a multifactorial biological process characterized by progressive alterations in skin structure, function, and appearance, including wrinkle formation, reduced hydration, impaired barrier integrity, and loss of elasticity [1,2].”
From A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Effects of Oral Centella asiatica Extract on Skin Aging-Related Parameters in Middle-Aged Korean Women. (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction and Results and discussion describe skin aging as continuous changes driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and identify wrinkling as a prominent sign. The Limitations and conclusion section discusses dryness, degradation of elastic fibres, and impaired cutaneous integrity, but it does not specifically establish reduced hydration, loss of elasticity, or impaired barrier integrity as the stated set of aging characteristics. It also cautions that the reviewed skin-aging phenotypes were not shown to cause functional impairment. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Microneedling for Facial Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review
Foppiani, J., Fanning, J. E., Beltran, K., Raška, O., Alvarez, A. H., Taritsa, I. C., Kim, E., Escobar, M.-J., Lee, D., Choudry, U. H., et al. (2025) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00266-025-04972-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tissue Engineering in Cosmetics and Dermatology: A New Era of Innovation and Application
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Dihydromyricetin May Attenuate Skin Aging as a RAGE Inhibitor
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Jellyfish collagen peptides: anti-aging mechanism and potential application in skincare
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Beverage consumption and facial skin aging: Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis
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Exploring the Impact of Diabetes on Aging: Insights from TERT and COL1A1 Methylation
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- Authors
- Wong, Q. Y. A., & Chew, F. T.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Chew, Fook Tim
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2021-11-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22075-22075
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8586245
- OpenAlex
- W3213583402
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 14
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (N-154-000-038-001)
- Ministry of Education - Singapore (R-154-000-191-112)
- Biomedical Research Council (BMRC/01/1/21/18/077)
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN-06-006)
- National Medical Research Council (NMRC/1150/2008)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (H17/01/a0/008)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- skin aging, intrinsic aging, extrinsic aging, chronological aging, risk factors, air pollution, nutrition, smoking, sun exposure, gender differences, ethnicity, age
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Humans, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Skin, Smoking, Ultraviolet Rays, Skin Aging
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