The nasal delivery of nanoencapsulated statins – an approach for brain delivery
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: Along with their cholesterol-lowering effect, statins have shown a wide range of pleiotropic effects potentially beneficial to neurodegenerative diseases. However, such effects are extremely elusive via the conventional oral administration. The purpose of the present study was to prepare and characterize the physicochemical properties and the in vivo biodistribution of simvastatin-loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (SVT-LCNs) suitable for nasal administration in view of an improved delivery of the statins to the brain. Materials and methods: Chitosan, lecithin, and different oil excipients were used to prepare nanocapsules loaded with simvastatin. Particle size distribution, surface charge, structure, simvastatin loading and release, and interaction with mucus of nanoparticles were determined. The nanoparticle nasal toxicity was evaluated in vitro using RPMI 2651 nasal cell lines. Finally, in vivo biodistribution was assessed by gamma scintigraphy via Tc99m labeling of the particles. Results: Among the different types of nanoparticles produced, the SVT-LCN_MaiLab showed the most ideal physicochemical characteristics, with small diameter (200 nm), positive surface charge (+48 mV) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE; 98%). Size distribution was further confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. The particles showed a relatively fast release of simvastatin in vitro (35.6%±4.2% in 6 hours) in simulated nasal fluid. Blank nanoparticles did not show cytotoxicity, evidencing that the formulation is safe for nasal administration, while cytotoxicity of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles (IC 50 ) was found to be three times lower than the drug solution (9.92 vs 3.50 µM). In rats, a significantly higher radioactivity was evidenced in the brain after nasal delivery of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles in comparison to the administration of a similar dose of simvastatin suspension. Conclusion: The SVT-LCNs developed presented some of the most desirable characteristics for mucosal delivery, that is, small particle size, positive surface charge, long-term stability, high EE, and mucoadhesion. In addition, they displayed two exciting features: First was their biodegradability by enzymes present in the mucus layer, such as lysozyme. This indicates a new Trojan-horse strategy which may enhance drug release in the proximity of the nasal mucosa. Second was their ability to enhance the nose-to-brain transport as evidenced by preliminary gamma scintigraphy studies. Keywords: nose-to-brain, simvastatin, nanoparticles, neurodegenerative diseases, gamma scintigraphy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), lysozyme, biodegradable nanoparticles
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- Authors
- Clementino, A., Batger, M., Garrastazu, G., Pozzoli, M., Del Favero, E., Rondelli, V., Gutfilen, B., Barboza, T., Sukkar, M. B., Souza, S. A. L., Cantù, L., & Sonvico, F.
- Affiliations
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (BR)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Sonvico, Fabio
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Nanomedicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- Volume 11
- Pages
- 6575-6590
- ISSN
- 1176-9114 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-2013
- PMC
- PMC5153258
- OpenAlex
- W2560199151
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Nanomedicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Technology Sydney
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- simvastatin, intranasal drug delivery, brain drug delivery, nanocapsules, nose-to-brain transport, tissue distribution, mucoadhesion, Trojan horse strategy, nasal toxicity, neurodegenerative diseases, statins, scintigraphy, encapsulation efficiency
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Animals, Brain, Male, Nasal Mucosa, Particle Size, Tissue Distribution, Drug Delivery Systems, Rats, Wistar, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Simvastatin, Chitosan, Rats, Nanoparticles, Drug Liberation
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