The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: II. Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A considerable body of evidence exists suggesting a link among reduced testosterone plasma levels, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and insulin resistance (IR). Hypogonadal men are at higher risk for T2D. Here we evaluate the relationships between testosterone, metabolic syndrome (MetS), T2D, and IR and discuss the relationships among androgen deficiency and these factors, especially as it ultimately relates to the development of cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction (ED). Thus, a comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed, and relevant articles pertinent to androgen deficiency, T2D, IR, MetS, and ED were reviewed and discussed. Low testosterone precedes elevated fasting insulin, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) values and may even predict the onset of diabetes. Treatment of prostate cancer patients with surgical or medical castration exacerbates IR and glycemic control, strengthening the link between testosterone deficiency and onset of T2D and IR. Androgen therapy of hypogonadal men improves insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose, and HbA1c levels. We suggest that androgen deficiency is associated with IR, T2D, MetS, and with increased deposition of visceral fat, which serves as an endocrine organ, producing inflammatory cytokines and thus promoting endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease.
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“This short summary clearly identifies androgens as anabolic hormones leading to storage of energy-rich substrates and calcium and phosphorus.”
From Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
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Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease
Ginsberg, H. N. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10762 · Cited by 1,372
Ding, E. L., Song, Y., Malik, V. S., & Liu, S. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.11.1288 · Cited by 1,354
Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: results of the ‘Cologne Male Survey’
Braun, M., Wassmer, G., Klotz, T., Reifenrath, B., Mathers, M. J., & Engelmann, U. H. (2000) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900622 · Cited by 996
Kapoor, D., Goodwin, E., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02166 · Cited by 791
Prevalence of hypogonadism in males aged at least 45 years: the HIM study
MULLIGAN, T., FRICK, M. F., ZURAW, Q. C., STEMHAGEN, A., & MCWHIRTER, C. (2008) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.x · Cited by 767
Malkin, C. J., Pugh, P. J., Jones, R. D., Kapoor, D., Channer, K. S., & Jones, T. H. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031069 · Cited by 731
Leydig Cells: Endocrine, Paracrine, and Autocrine Regulation
Saez, J. M. (1994) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-15-5-574 · Cited by 637
Frequent Occurrence of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Type 2 Diabetes
Dhindsa, S., Prabhakar, S., Sethi, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., Chaudhuri, A., & Dandona, P. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0804 · Cited by 631
Stellato, R. K., Feldman, H. A., Hamdy, O., Horton, E. S., & McKinlay, J. B. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.4.490 · Cited by 618
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- 10.1210/en.140.11.4939 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.82.6.1807 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.84.10.3673 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.81.3.1018 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1210/jc.86.10.4913 · DOI
- 10.1210/jc.80.2.654 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities
Cleasby, M. E., Jamieson, P. M., & Atherton, P. J. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-15-0533 · Cited by 596
Low Testosterone in Men with Type 2 Diabetes: Significance and Treatment
Grossmann, M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0118 · Cited by 350
Heufelder, A. E., Saad, F., Bunck, M. C., & Gooren, L. (2009) · Journal of Andrology · doi:10.2164/jandrol.108.007005 · Cited by 349
Self-citationKalinchenko, S. Y., Tishova, Y. A., Mskhalaya, G. J., Gooren, L. J., Giltay, E. J., & Saad, F. (2010) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03845.x · Cited by 348
Self-citationJuster, R.-P., Bizik, G., Picard, M., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Sindi, S., Trepanier, L., Marin, M.-F., Wan, N., Sekerovic, Z., Lord, C., et al. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000289 · Cited by 268
Metadata
- Authors
- Traish, A. M., Saad, F., & Guay, A.
- Affiliations
- Gulf Medical University (AE)
- ORCID
- Saad, Farid
- Venue
- Journal of Andrology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-01-02
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-32
- ISSN
- 0196-3635 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-4640
- OpenAlex
- W2070295872
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Andrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- School of Medicine, Boston University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- androgen deficiency, hypogonadism, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, castration, androgen therapy, visceral fat, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines, glycemic control
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypogonadism, Erectile Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, Male, Testosterone, Vascular Diseases
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