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Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Androgenic Steroids--Structure and Effects on Humans
Open accessAbstract
Phytoecdysteroids are structural analogs of the insect molting hormone ecdysone. Plants comprise rich sources of ecdysteroids in high concentration and with broad structural diversity. Ecdysteroids have a number of proven beneficial effects on mammals but the hormonal effects of ecdysteroids have been proven only in arthropods. Their structures are somewhat similar to those of the vertebrate steroid hormones but there are several structural differences between the two steroid groups. Despite of these essential structural differences, ecdysteroids exert numerous effects in vertebrates that are similar to those of vertebrate hormonal steroids, and they may serve as effective anabolic, hepatoprotective, immunoprotective, antioxidant and hypoglycemic agents. Ecdysteroids do not bind to the cytosolic steroid receptors, instead, they are likely to influence signal transduction pathways, like the anabolic steroids, possibly via membrane bound receptors. The application of phytoecdysteroids is a promising alternative to the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids because of the apparent lack of adverse effects. The prospective use of phytoecdysteroids may extend to treatments of pathological conditions where anabolic steroids are routinely applied. One of the most cited aspects of phytoecdysteroid application (on the Internet) is the increase of muscle size. However in this field too stringent research is needed as an adequate cytological explanation is not yet available for the anabolic. This paper reports on the most important structural differences between androgenic hormones, their synthetic analogs and ecdysteroids. The anabolic/hormonal effects and the possible mechanisms of action of these compounds are also discussed as concerns the skeletal muscle.
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“Ecdysterone, like other ecdysteroids, exerts its anabolic effects primarily through interaction with nuclear receptors, though its mechanism differs from that of traditional anabolic steroids.”
From Molecular insights into the role of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Ecdysterone Mediated Anabolic Activity (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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In the citing paper
“Earlier in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the non-hormonal anabolic activities of 20E and other ecdysteroids [5] in terms of stimulation of protein synthesis, increased weight of the whole body and internal organs, and improved skeletal muscle mass and fiber size [8,9].”
From Prevention of Diet-Induced Obesity by Phytoecdysteroids 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Calonysterone—Unexpected Modulation of Androgen Balance in Normal and Obese Rats (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is in contrast to steroid hormones that are endogenous in mammals that usually accompany the positive anabolic effect with an often dangerous androgenic one [4,5,6].”
From Molecular Targets of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Mammals, Mechanism of Action: Is It a Calorie Restriction Mimetic and Anti-Aging Compound? (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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In the citing paper
“It is considered that lower doses showed no significant effects but reported that amounts more than 5 μg/kg body weight were considered effective [102].”
From Ecdysterone and Turkesterone—Compounds with Prominent Potential in Sport and Healthy Nutrition (2024) · cites this paper as [102]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Up to now, structure activity relationship studies have been limited to a comparison of various natural phytoecdysteroids, 30 and the biological activity of metabolites is not much documented, with the exception of Post, which showed an anabolic activity similar to that of 20E. 31”
From A Phase 1 study for safety and pharmacokinetics of BIO101 (20‐hydroxyecdysone) in healthy young and older adults (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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In the citing paper
“Although 20E does not bind directly to the androgen receptor (Ar) [5], emerging evidence suggests it may exert some of its effects via estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) signaling [10,11].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In our study, both ecdysteroids mitigated muscle atrophy in the tibialis anterior and soleus, which effect is consistent with their anabolic activity [5,6,8].”
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In the citing paper
“Notably, 20E affects major metabolic pathways, including protein synthesis [10].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The significant structural differences between ecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids may account for their distinct anabolic mechanisms [4,5].”
From Molecular insights into the role of Estrogen Receptor Beta in Ecdysterone Mediated Anabolic Activity (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In addition to providing reference compounds for biochemical studies, the extensive range of ecdysteroid analogues provides an excellent natural resource for SAR studies in arthropods (reviewed in [37]) and mammals [38].”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“The chemical space provided by the natural ecdysteroids is being extended by the preparation and biological assessment of numerous semi-synthetic analogues (e.g., [37][38][39][40][41]).”
From Ecdysteroids (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“At the same time, brassinosteroids share some similarities with ecdysteroids that have a wide array of physiological and pharmacological effects in animals and insects (4), including modulation of protein synthesis (14) and carbohydrate metabolism (21).”
From Hypoglycemic effects of brassinosteroid in diet-induced obese mice (2012) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“There is in fact no direct evidence for the binding of 20E to nuclear estrogen (or androgen) receptors (12,13).”
From 20-Hydroxyecdysone activates the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system via Mas receptor (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“At the same time, brassinosteroids share some similarities with ecdysteroids (Fig. 1C) that have a wide array of physiological and pharmacological effects in animals and insects (46), including modulation of protein synthesis (47) and carbohydrate metabolism (48).”
From Anabolic effect of plant brassinosteroid (2011) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“In mammals, Ecd has protein anabolic effects and increases muscle mass of unexercised and exercised muscle [11,12].”
From Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β- induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage (2015) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“However, ecdysterone possesses a variety of beneficial pharmacological effects on humans, including anabolic and adaptogenic ones (Báthori et al., 2008).”
From An Arthropod Hormone, Ecdysterone, Inhibits the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Different Mechanisms (2020) · cites this paper as Báthori et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Doses higher than 5 µg/kg body weight were reported as active while lower doses did not result in anabolic activities [21].”
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, since Ecdy enhances the ability to cope with stress and enhances resistance to tiredness (Báthori et al., 2008; Dinan et al., 2009), it seems beneficial to administer it as part of cytotoxic therapy with doxorubicin.”
From An Arthropod Hormone, Ecdysterone, Inhibits the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells via Different Mechanisms (2020) · cites this paper as Báthori et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“The anabolic effect of these compounds is influenced by the presence of diol groups at the C-20 and C-22 positions, whereas an additional hydroxyl group at C-11 significantly enhances protein synthesis [6].”
From Phytoecdysteroids: Quantification in Selected Plant Species and Evaluation of Some Effects on Gastric Smooth Muscles (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“and an effect on anabolic and steroidal growth regulations13.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The mechanism by which ecdysteroids act is binding with signal transduction pathways, rather than with steroid and estrogen receptors [58].”
From Plant Adaptogens—History and Future Perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“20-HE has been shown to improve dermal thickness151,158 and promote wound-healing in vivo13,150.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Recently, PE derivatives have shown their non-hormonal anabolic and adaptogenic effects in mammals, including humans13, through a probable mechanism involving the activation of protein kinase B (also known as Akt)105.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Besides that, no significant binding affinity of PEs to the androgen receptors (ARs) has been observed13,157.”
From The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“the most widely investigated ecdysteroid was 20-HE due to its low acute toxicity [8,19].”
From Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“When compared to AAS, ecdysteroids do not bind to androgenic receptors (ARs).”
From Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models (2023) · cites this paper as [8]
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Citations
Cites
Ecdysone : from chemistry to mode of action
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Invertebrate Endocrinology and Hormonal Heterophylly
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Kochakian, C. D. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66353-6 · Cited by 83
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bathori, M., Toth, N., Hunyadi, A., Marki, A., & Zador, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Szeged (HU)
- ORCID
- Hunyadi, Attila
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-01-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-91
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122262893
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SZTE Publicatio Repozitórium (University of Szeged) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- phytoecdysteroids, ecdysteroids, anabolic steroids, ecdysone, steroid structure, anabolic effects, muscle hypertrophy, skeletal muscle, cell surface receptors, signal transduction, hepatoprotection, immunoprotection, antioxidant activity, hypoglycemic effect
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Animals, Ecdysone, Humans, Phytosterols, Structure-Activity Relationship, Protein Biosynthesis, Molecular Structure, Signal Transduction, Muscle, Skeletal, Anabolic Agents
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