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Cited by 115Phytochemical Studies and BioactivitiesNatural product bioactivities and synthesisPhytochemistry and Biological Activities

The Phytochemical, Biological, and Medicinal Attributes of Phytoecdysteroids: An Updated Review

Open access
Das, Niranjan, Mishra, Siddhartha Kumar, Bishayee, Anusha, Ali, Eunüs S., Bishayee, Anupam·2021·Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
DOI 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012PMC PMC8343124
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Abstract

The phytoecdysteroids (PEs) comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids, which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones. PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects. When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals, they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction; the insects eventually die. Chemically, ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens. The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with a β-side chain at carbon-17. The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D. Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor; the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. So far, over 400 PEs have been identified and reported, and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed. In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019. We have also critically analyzed the biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This updated review compiles 212 new phytoecdysteroids reported from 1999 to 2019 across 18 plant families and summarizes their chemistry, biosynthesis, distribution, and pharmacological activities. It reports broad antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anabolic, antidiabetic, and anticancer potential, but notes that most evidence remains in vitro and clinical data are limited.

Key findings

  • The review summarizes 212 new phytoecdysteroids (numbered 5–216) reported between 1999 and 2019 from 18 plant families; the largest family contributions are Asteraceae (50), Caryophyllaceae (36), Amaranthaceae (33), and Lamiaceae (29).
  • Phytoecdysteroids are polyhydroxylated ketosteroids with a cis-(5β-H) A/B ring junction, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) C/D junction; plants synthesize them from mevalonic acid via cholesterol, and 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common phytoecdysteroid.
  • Reported bioactivities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anabolic, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects; for example, niuxixinsterone D and serfurosterone A inhibited LPS-induced NO production by 29.7% and 26.0%, respectively, and polyporoid A–C showed anti-inflammatory activity with ID50 0.1–1 μmol/L.
  • Proposed mechanisms include Akt signaling modulation, ABCB1 efflux transporter interaction, cell-cycle arrest, and antioxidant/free-radical scavenging; calonysterone exerted stronger Akt phosphorylation effects in mammalian skeletal muscle cells than the more abundant 20-hydroxyecdysone.

Methods

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, with literature searched mainly in SciFinder and additional databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ecdybase.
  • Included high-quality English publications from 1999–2020; excluded editor letters, book chapters, conference abstracts, and unpublished results.
  • The review compiles new phytoecdysteroid structures and plant sources and critically analyzes biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties using in vitro and in vivo studies summarized in Table 1.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: most cited results are based on in vitro studies, while in vivo and clinical data are very limited; the bioactivity and molecular mechanisms of phytoecdysteroids are not well characterized, and no analytical chemistry method appropriate for characterization of phytoecdysteroids currently exists.
  • Evident from the text: although PRISMA is cited, the review is a narrative synthesis without quantitative pooling or formal risk-of-bias assessment; Table 1 mixes in vitro, in vivo, and ex situ models with varied concentrations/doses, limiting direct comparability across compounds.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012

Cites

184 of 184 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 118 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The review summarizes 212 new phytoecdysteroids reported between 1999 and 2019.

    “In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    The review summarizes 212 new phytoecdysteroids reported from 18 plant families since 1999.

    “We have summarized 212 new phytoecdcysteroids reported from 18 plant families since 1999.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    36 of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Caryophyllaceae family (93-128).

    “36 are from the Caryophyllaceae family (93–128, Fig. 5)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    50 of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Asteraceae family (38-87).

    “50 are from the Asteraceae family (38–87, Fig. 3)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    One of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids is from the Dioscoreaceae family (148).

    “one is from the Dioscoreaceae family (148, Fig. 6)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 7
  • May combine two claims. 48

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    Findingown data

    The review presents a comprehensive list of 212 new phytoecdysteroids (5-216) with their plant sources in Supporting Information Table S1.

    “A comprehensive list of PEs containing 212 new phytoecdcysteroids (5–216) with their plant sources is presented in Supporting Information Table S1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The new phytoecdysteroids are numbered from 5 to 216.

    “The new phytoecdcysteroids are numbered from 5 to 216”
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    Findingown data

    Three of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Taxaceae family (214-216).

    “three are from the Taxaceae family (214–216, Fig. 8)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    Five of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Malvaceae family (184-188).

    “five are from the Malvaceae family (184–188, Fig. 8)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    Three of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Rhodomelaceae family (211-213).

    “three are from the Rhodomelaceae family (211–213, Fig. 8)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given

    The 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from 18 plant families including Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Blechnaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Commelinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Limnanthaceae, Lygodiaceae, Malvaceae, Menispermaceae, Polypodiaceae, Polyporaceae, Rhodomelaceae, and Taxaceae.

    “These 18 plant families include Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Blechnaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Commelinaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Limnanthaceae, Lygodiaceae, Malvaceae, Menispermaceae, Polypodiaceae, Polyporaceae, Rhodomelaceae, and Taxaceae.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Five of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Polyporaceae family (206-210).

    “five are from the Polyporaceae family (206–210, Fig. 8)”
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    Findingown data

    Ten of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Polypodiaceae family (196-205).

    “ten are from the Polypodiaceae family (196–205, Fig. 8)”
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    Findingown data

    Seven of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Menispermaceae family (189-195).

    “seven are from the Menispermaceae family (189–195, Fig. 8)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingown data

    Three of the 212 new phytoecdysteroids are from the Gleicheniaceae family (149-151).

    “three are from the Gleicheniaceae family (149–151, Fig. 6)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The reported bioactivities for these phytoecdysteroids include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anabolic, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties.

    “The diverse bioactivities that were reported for these PEs include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, anabolic, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties (Fig. 13).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Most results cited in the review are based on in vitro studies, and data from in vivo and clinical studies are very limited.

    “However, despite the copious amount of PE research that has been performed over the past two decades, most of the results cited in the current review are based on in vitro studies; data associated with in vivo and clinical studies are very limited.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Findingreasoning

    The function of ABCB1 efflux pump transporters is limited by the usage of phytoecdysteroid derivatives, which leads to inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells.

    “The function of ABCB1 efflux pump transporters was limited by the usage of PE derivatives, which then leads to the inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    PE calonysterone appears to modulate Akt signaling, which correlates with glycolytic metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and tissue differentiation.

    “PE calonysterone appears to modulate Akt signaling, which further correlates with various essential cell growth signaling processes, such as glycolytic metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and tissue differentiation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids can alter and switch genes in plants through DNA binding.

    “These chemicals are also able to alter and switch genes around in plants through DNA binding10,11.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Jepson, 1998, Chemical-inducible gene expression systems for plants—a review, Pestic Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Martinez, 1999, Creation of ecdysone receptor chimeras in plants for controlled regulation of gene expression, Mol Gen Genet source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Phytoecdysteroids are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagous insects.

    “PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids do not accumulate in the majority of plant species because expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated.

    “A series of evidence suggests that PEs do not accumulate in the majority of plant species as the expression of the biosynthetic pathways in plants is downregulated6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Dinan, 2001, Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects, Phytochemistry source

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    Premisecitation

    Only approximately 6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids.

    “a survey indicates that only ∼6% of all plants contain detectable levels of ecdysteroids6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Dinan, 2001, Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects, Phytochemistry source

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    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids have been utilized by sportsmen and bodybuilders for improving physical performance and enhancing stress resistance by promoting vitality.

    “PEs have been utilized by sportsmen and bodybuilders for improving physical performance, and for enhancing stress resistance by promoting vitality22.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Lapenna, 2015, Assessing herbal products with health claims, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr source

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    Premisecitation

    Dietary supplements containing ecdysteroids, especially 20-hydroxyecdysone, are being marketed in the United States.

    “Because of such claimed multifactorial activities20, dietary supplements containing ecdysteroids, especially 20-HE, are being marketed in the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Lafont, 2003, Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: an update, J Insect Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Five phytoecdysteroids from Sphenocentrum jollyanum show urease inhibitory and antacid activities.

    “A recent study reported five PEs from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum that had shown urease inhibitory and antacid activities, suggesting their potential usage in ulcerative colitis19.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Akinwumi, 2020, Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of anti-ulcer ecdysteroids from the seeds of Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Menispermaceae), Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Study design and conductcitation

    The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

    “For this systematic review, we have followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines25.”
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    • cites [25] Liberati, 2009, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, PLoS Med source

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    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids have hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle.

    “The major properties of PEs include hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic, and anabolic effects on skeletal muscle21.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Tarkowska, 2016, Plant ecdysteroids: plant sterols with intriguing distributions, biological effects and relations to plant hormones, Planta source

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    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroid derivatives display hormonal effects on invertebrates and exert several favorable, non-hormonal, biological effects on mammals.

    “The PE derivatives displayed hormonal effects on invertebrates and exerted several favorable, non-hormonal, biological effects on mammals23.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Cahlikova, 2011, Ecdysterone and its activity on some degenerative diseases, Nat Prod Commun

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Appropriate and high-quality publications from 1999 to 2020 were collected.

    “Appropriate and high-quality publications (1999‒2020) were collected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Letters from editors, book chapters, conference abstracts, and unpublished results were not incorporated.

    “Letters from editors, book chapters, conference abstracts, and unpublished results were not incorporated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ecdysteroids have effects similar to antidepressants, shielding the body from stress and improving physical and sexual performances.

    “Ecdysteroids also have shown effects similar to those of antidepressants, shielding the body from stress and improving physical and sexual performances18.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Mirzaev Iu, 2000, Effect of ecdystene on parameters of the sexual function under experimental and clinical conditions, Eksp Klin Farmakol

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Study design and conductnone given

    Only articles written in English were included in the review.

    “Only articles written in English were included in this review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compounds 10, 11, and 12 exhibited significant antioxidant effects, including collagenase inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging, and iron chelation, in vitro.

    “Evaluated inhibitory effect on calf skin collagenase and scavenging DPPH free radicals, as well as in chelating the iron metal ions and significant effect have been observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Nsimba, 2008, Ecdysteroids act as inhibitors of calf skin collagenase and oxidative stress, J Biochem Mol Toxicol source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids have beneficial effects on mammals, including anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects.

    “They are known for their numerous beneficial effects on mammals, which include as anabolic, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects150, 151, 152, 153.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [150] Chen, 2006, Effect of ecdysterone on glucose metabolism in vitro, Life Sci source

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    • cites [151] Dinan, 2009, The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: what use are they?, Arch Insect Biochem source

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    • cites [152] Hamden, 2008, Therapeutic effect of phytoecdysteroids rich extract from Ajuga iva on alloxan induced diabetic rats liver, kidney and pancreas, Biofactors source

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    • cites [153] Kizelsztein, 2009, 20-Hydroxyecdysone decreases weight and hyperglycemia in a diet-induced obesity mice model, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source

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    Premisecitation

    Septanoecdysone exhibited significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticholinesterase activities in vitro.

    “Evaluated antioxidant activity by using DPPH, ABTS+, Fe3+ and catalase assays. Also evaluated antibacterial and anticholinesterase activities and shown significant activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Ben Nejma, 2015, New septanoside and 20-hydroxyecdysone septanoside derivative from Atriplex portulacoides roots with preliminary biological activities, Bioorg Med Chem Lett source

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    Premisecitation

    Compound 120 showed moderate cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activities.

    “Evaluated cytotoxicity, antiproliferative activities in HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cell linesand antioxidant activities and showed moderate activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] Mamadalieva, 2011, Phytoecdysteroids of Silene guntensis and their in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activity, Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, J biosci source

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    Premisecitation

    Compound 87 showed significant antioxidant activity in AAPH-induced human RBC hemolysis and Fe2+/cysteine-induced liver microsome lipid peroxidation.

    “Evaluated antioxidant activity on AAPH.-induced hemolysis of human RBC and Fe2+ + cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation of liver microsome and showed significant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Dai, 2002, Antioxidant activity of ecdysteroids from Serratula strangulata, Chin J Chem source

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    Premisecitation

    Compound 36 showed good agonistic activity in the Drosophila melanogaster BII cell bioassay with ED50 20 μmol/L.

    “Evaluated agonistic activity in the Drosophila melanogaster BII cell bioassay and shown good activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Dinan, 1999, Phytoecdysteroids in seeds and plants of Rhagodia baccata (Labill.) Moq. (Chenopodiaceae), Arch Insect Biochem Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    22-epi-Ajugasterone C showed weak DPPH radical-scavenging and antimicrobial activity against multi-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts.

    “Weak DPPH radical-scavenging and antimicrobial activity against multi resistant strains Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus 118), Gram negative bacteria such as (Escherichia coli 113, Klebsiella pneumoniae 112, Proteus mirabilis 23, Serratia sp. 2028, Pseudomonas aurogenosa43) and yeasts (Candida albicans).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Lamia, 2018, Isolation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ecdysteroids from Serratula cichoracea, Curr Bioact Compd source

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    Premisecitation

    Niuxixinsterone D and serfurosterone A inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages by 29.7% and 26.0%, respectively.

    “Niuxixinsterone D and serfurosterone A showed anti-neuroinflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production by 29.7% and 26.0%, respectively47.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Yang, 2017, A new phytoecdysteroid from the roots of Achyranthes bidentata Bl, Nat Prod Res source

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    Premisecitation

    Compounds 64-68 showed agonistic activity in the Drosophila BII cell bioassay with EC50 values of 16, 1.1, 0.6, 43, and 62 μmol/L.

    “EC50 16, 1.1, 0.6, 43, and 62 μmol/L”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [70] Odinokov, 2002, Phytoecdysteroids from the juice of Serratula coronata L. (Asteraceae), Insect Biochem Mol Biol source

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    • cites [71] Odinokov, 2005, Low-polarity phytoecdysteroids from the juice of Serratula coronata L. (Asteraceae), Collect Czech Chem Commun source

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    Premisecitation

    Compound 126 showed anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in acetic acid-induced inflammation in rats at 50 mg/kg.

    “Evaluated anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Tuleuov, 2018, 3α,14α,22R,25-Tetrahydroxy-5β(H)-cholest-7-en-6-one, a phytoecdysteroid from Acanthophyllum gypsophiloides possessing anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, Russ Chem Bull source

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    Premisecitation

    Glutinosterone exhibited significant improvement in liver function and antibacterial activity.

    “Evaluated liver function in terms of serum enzyme activity, lipid metabolic enzyme and antibacterial activity and exhibited significant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Das, 2014, A new biologically active ecdysteroid from the aerial parts of Sida glutinosa, Pharmacogn Phytochem

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    Premisecitation

    Ajugacetalsterone E showed moderate cytotoxic and antioxidant activity, including inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release.

    “Evaluated cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, GepG2, A549, and B16 cell lines using MTT method and the inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release and moderate activity have been observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] Chen, 2018, Neo-clerodane diterpenes and phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga decumbens Thunb. and evaluation of their effects on cytotoxic, superoxide anion generation and elastase release in vitro, Fitoterapia source

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    Premisecitation

    Ajugacetalsterone A showed significant cytotoxic/antiproliferative activity against A-549, HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cells with IC50 values of 26.5±1.3, 33.3±1.4, 25.4±1.8, and 28.1±2.9 μmol/L, respectively.

    “Evaluated cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell A-549, human hepatoma cell HepG2, human breast cancer cell MCF-7 and proliferating epidermal carcinoma cell HeLa using MTT method and significant activity have been observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Chen, 2018, Phytochemical, cytotoxic and chemotaxonomic study on Ajuga forrestii Diels (Labiatae), Nat Prod Res source

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    Premisecitation

    Compounds 172-174 showed significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in carrageenan-induced inflammation in Sprague-Dawley rats at 100 mg/kg.

    “Evaluated anti-inflammatory activity on rat and significant activity have been observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Ochieng, 2013, Phytoecdysteroids from the stem bark of Vitex doniana and their anti-inflammatory effects, Planta Med

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    Premisecitation

    20-HE improves dermal thickness and promotes wound-healing in vivo.

    “20-HE has been shown to improve dermal thickness151,158 and promote wound-healing in vivo13,150.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [151] Dinan, 2009, The Karlson Lecture. Phytoecdysteroids: what use are they?, Arch Insect Biochem source

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    • cites [158] Laekeman, 2013, Phytoecdysteroids: phytochemistry and pharmacological activity

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    • cites [13] Bathori, 2008, Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids—structure and effects on humans, Curr Med Chem source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [150] Chen, 2006, Effect of ecdysterone on glucose metabolism in vitro, Life Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compounds 10, 11, and 12 isolated from C. quinoa seeds exhibited inhibitory effects on calf skin collagenase and DPPH radical scavenging activity.

    “20,26-dihydroxy-28-methyl ecdysone (10), 20,26-dihydroxy-24(28)-dehydro ecdysone (11), and 20-hydroxyecdysone 22-glycolate (12), isolated from C. quinoa seeds, have exhibited inhibitory effects on calf skin collagenase and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Nsimba, 2008, Ecdysteroids act as inhibitors of calf skin collagenase and oxidative stress, J Biochem Mol Toxicol source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Cyasterone along with chikusetsusaponin IV significantly inhibited inflammatory and oxidative enzyme levels, including TXA2, ET, MDA, and COX-2, and promoted eNOS and SOD activities.

    “Another PE derivative cyasterone along with chikusetsusaponin IV could significantly inhibit inflammatory and oxidative enzyme levels, such as thromboxane A2 (TXA2), endothelin (ET), malondialdehyde (MDA), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as well as promote the activities of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)154.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [154] Cao, 2017, Therapeutic effects of Cyathula officinalis Kuan and its active fraction on acute blood stasis rat model and identification constituents by HPLC-QTOF/MS/MS, Pharmacogn mag source

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    Premisecitation

    The methanolic extract of stem bark of V. doniana led to purification of three new phytoecdysteroids, 21-hydroxyshidasterone, 11β-hydroxy-20-deoxyshidasterone, and 2,3-acetonide-24-hydroxyecdysone, as well as several known phytoecdysteroids.

    “The methanolic extract of stem bark of V. doniana led to purification of three new PEs: (21-hydroxyshidasterone, 11β-hydroxy-20-deoxyshidasterone, and 2,3-acetonide-24-hydroxyecdysone) as well as several known PEs (ecdysteroids shidasterone, ajugasterone C, 24-hydroxyecdysone and 11β,24-hydroxyecdysone).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Ochieng, 2013, Phytoecdysteroids from the stem bark of Vitex doniana and their anti-inflammatory effects, Planta Med

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    α-Ecdysone showed potent immunostimulatory effects by enhancing membrane fluidity and lysosomal enzyme activity, inhibited NO, suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, increased HO-1 and Nrf-2, mitigated NF-κB activity, and reduced MAPK and Akt activation.

    “The compound showed potent immunostimulatory effects by enhancing membrane fluidity and lysosomal enzyme activity. α-Ecdysone simultaneously inhibited the levels of NO and suppressed the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. An intriguing mechanism of the action involved increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) production and mit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [155] Bhardwaj, 2019, α-Ecdysone suppresses inflammatory responses via the Nrf2 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, Int Immunopharmacol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE enhances keratinocyte differentiation, increases protein synthesis via Akt activation, and inhibits collagenase activity in vitro.

    “Additionally, 20-HE was also found to enhance keratinocyte differentiation153, increase protein synthesis via Akt activation159, and inhibit collagenase activity in vitro152.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [153] Kizelsztein, 2009, 20-Hydroxyecdysone decreases weight and hyperglycemia in a diet-induced obesity mice model, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [159] Kutepova, 2001, Hypoglycemic activity of the total ecdysteroid extract from Ajuga turkestanica, Phar Chem J source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [152] Hamden, 2008, Therapeutic effect of phytoecdysteroids rich extract from Ajuga iva on alloxan induced diabetic rats liver, kidney and pancreas, Biofactors source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ajugacetalsterone E exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity, superoxide anion generation, and elastase release in FMLP/CB-induced human neutrophils.

    “A novel phytoecdysterone ajugacetalsterone E (158) exhibited in vitro cytotoxic activity, superoxide anion generation, and elastase release in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (FMLP/CB)-induced human neutrophils119.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] Chen, 2018, Neo-clerodane diterpenes and phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga decumbens Thunb. and evaluation of their effects on cytotoxic, superoxide anion generation and elastase release in vitro, Fitoterapia source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroids have shown anabolic activity in several in vitro and in vivo studies, with characteristic increases in growth and skeletal muscle mass and increased fiber size through muscle-specific effects in different animals.

    “PEs have shown anabolic activity in several in vitro and in vivo studies with a characteristic increase in growth and skeletal muscle mass as well as an increase in fiber size through muscle-specific effects in different animals157.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [157] Gorelick-Feldman, 2008, Phytoecdysteroids increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells, J Agric Food Chem source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The PE-rich plant Stachys hissarica exhibited in vivo wound-healing activity in rats, more effective than methyluracil, especially in alloxan-induced diabetic animals.

    “A PE-rich plant, Stachys hissarica, has exhibited in vivo wound-healing activity in rats. The wound-healing activity of this plant is more effective than the known drug methyluracil (2,4-dioxo-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine), especially in the case of alloxan-induced diabetic animals168.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] Ramazanov, 2017, Phytoecdysteroids-containing extract from Stachys hissarica plant and its wound-healing activity, Nat Prod Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An aqueous extract of A. forrestii containing iridoid compounds exhibited potential cytotoxicity with IC50 values between 10 and 19 μmol/L, while selected iridoid glycosides exhibited more significant cytotoxicities with IC50 values between 7 and 14 μmol/L.

    “An aqueous extract of A. forrestii containing iridoid compounds exhibited potential cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging between 10 and 19 μmol/L, while selected iridoid glycosides exhibited more significant cytotoxicities with IC50 values ranging between 7 and 14 μmol/L170.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Chen, 2018, Phytochemical, cytotoxic and chemotaxonomic study on Ajuga forrestii Diels (Labiatae), Nat Prod Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phytoecdysteroid derivatives have shown non-hormonal anabolic and adaptogenic effects in mammals, including humans, through a probable mechanism involving activation of Akt.

    “Recently, PE derivatives have shown their non-hormonal anabolic and adaptogenic effects in mammals, including humans13, through a probable mechanism involving the activation of protein kinase B (also known as Akt)105.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] Bathori, 2008, Phytoecdysteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids—structure and effects on humans, Curr Med Chem source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Issaadi, 2017, Centrifugal partition chromatography in the isolation of minor ecdysteroids from Cyanotis arachnoidea, J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Administration of phytoecdysteroids in the form of phytoestrogen inhibited glucogenic and lipogenic enzymes and was associated with regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity, especially catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and SOD.

    “Another study reported that the administration of PEs in the form of phytoestrogen inhibited glucogenic and lipogenic enzymes and were associated with the regulation of the antioxidant enzymes activity, especially catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and SOD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [167] Vina, 2006, Part of the series: from dietary antioxidants to regulators in cellular signalling and gene expression role of reactive oxygen species and (phyto)oestrogens in the modulation of adaptive response to stress, Free Radic Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These reports indicate antidiabetic and wound-healing properties of phytoecdysteroids and project their possible applications in pathophysiological conditions of oxidative stress.

    “These reports are indicative of antidiabetic as well as wound-healing properties of PEs and project their possible applications in pathophysiological conditions of oxidative stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Complex phytochemical mixtures can exert diverse biochemical effects on cellular signaling pathways, protein synthesis, and enzymatic activities, and positive interactions between molecules, termed potentiation, can lead to additive or synergistic effects that enhance the individual bioactivity of a particular molecule.

    “Complex phytochemical mixtures can exert diverse biochemical effects on cellular signaling pathways, protein synthesis, and enzymatic activities as presented in Fig. 11. The positive interactions between molecules, termed potentiation, can lead to additive or synergistic effects that enhance the individual bioactivity of a particular molecule161.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [161] Petersen, 1993, Jones oxidation of 20-hydroxyecdysone (Crustecdysone), Aust J Chem source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The extracted phytoecdysteroid from Ajuga iva caused reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and reduced blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation, mediated by increasing catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase activity, with regeneration of islets and reduction of acinar cell atrophy.

    “The extracted PE caused reduction in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats; it also reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation. These effects were mediated by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Regeneration of islets and reduction of the acinar cells atrophy was”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [166] Wang, 2017, Phytoecdysteroids from Ajugaiva act as potential antidiabetic agent against alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats, Biomed Pharmacother source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A lipophilic Leuzea root extract containing the major phytoecdysteroid 20-HE demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells with IC50 30 μg/mL, yet 20-HE alone was not as effective.

    “A lipophilic Leuzea root extract containing the major PE 20-HE demonstrated potent cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cells. The extract exhibitied cell proliferation with IC50 30 μg/mL, yet 20-HE alone was not as effective171.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Gaube, 2008, Effects of Leuzea carthamoides on human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells determined by gene expression profiling and functional assays, Planta Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fluorinated phytoecdysteroid derivatives increased ABCB1 inhibitory effect and caused inhibition of cell proliferation; derivative compound 5 exerted higher chemo-sensitizing activity to doxorubicin than its parental compound.

    “Fluorinated PE derivatives increased the ABCB1 inhibitory effect and caused inhibition of cell proliferation. Also, the derivative compound 5 (14,25-difluoro analog) exerted higher chemo-sensitizing activity to doxorubicin as compared to its parental compound174.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [174] Csábi, 2016, Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the antitumor potential and chemo-sensitizing activity of fluorinated ecdysteroid derivatives, Med Chem Comm source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE significantly stimulated the chemotherapeutic effects of half doses of cisplatin and adriamycin at low doses via cytostatic effects, resulting in tumor growth and increased survival rate and lifespans of mice, and improved the antimetastatic activity index at high doses of antitumor drugs in mice.

    “20-HE significantly stimulated the chemotherapeutic effects at low doses via a mechanism involving of cytostatic effects, resulting in tumor growth and an increase in the survival rate and lifespans of mice. Also, the 20-HE showed a comparably improved antimetastatic activity index at high doses of the antitumor drugs in mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [175] Konovalova, 2002, Ecdysterone modulates antitumor activity of cytostatics and biosynthesis of macromolecules in tumor-bearing animals, Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The first characterized ecdysteroid, ecdysone, was isolated from the silkworm Bombyx mori.

    “The first characterized ecdysteroid, ecdysone, was isolated from the silkworm Bombyx mori2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Butenandt, 1954, About the isolation of a metamorphosis hormone of insects in crystallized form, Z Naturforsch source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fifty-eight ecdysteroids showed slight inhibition of L5178 mouse T-cell lymphoma cell proliferation but notable modulation of rhodamine 123 efflux mediated by the ABCB1 transporter.

    “The tested PEs showed slight inhibition of cell proliferation, but notable modulation of the efflux of rhodamine 123 mediated by the ABCB1 transporter173.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Martins, 2012, Significant activity of ecdysteroids on the resistance to doxorubicin in mammalian cancer cells expressing the human ABCB1 transporter, J Med Chem source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    20-HE reduced free-radical formation in a cholesterol-dependent manner, while α-tocopherol showed lower antioxidant effect in the membrane.

    “The rate of free-radical formation was reduced by 20-HE in cholesterol-dependent manner, while α-tocopherol showed lower antioxidant effect in the membrane.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [178] Kuzmenko, 2001, New functions of 20-hydroxyecdysone in lipid peroxidation, J Oleo Sci source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Numerous studies have described pharmacological effects of ecdysteroids, such as an increase in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, stimulation of immune response, and an increase in protein synthesis and general health-promoting activity.

    “Numerous studies have described a variety of pharmacological effects of ecdysteroids, such as an increase in carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, stimulation of immune response, and an increase in protein synthesis and general health-promoting activity177.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [177] Slama, 1995, Insect hormones-ecdysteroids: their presence and actions in vertebrates, Eur J Entomol

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), the major ecdysteroid is ecdysterone, which can occur in concentrations between 50 and 800 μg per g fresh weight tissue, depending on growth rate of the plant.

    “In Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach), the major ecdysteroid is ecdysterone, which can occur in concentrations between 50 and 800 μg per g fresh weight tissue, depending on growth rate of the plant176.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] Grebenok, 1991, Occurrence and levels of ecdysteroids in spinach, Lipids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Phytoecdysteroids can be utilized to manage oxidative stress and inflammation and to limit the carcinogenic process.

    “As the two conditions are essentially associated with carcinogenesis, PEs can also be utilized to manage not only oxidative stress and inflammation, but also to limit the carcinogenic process through their usage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with carcinogenesis.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Selective activation of estrogen receptors strongly induces regeneration and most likely induces de novo fibre formation in toxin-damaged muscles of female rats.

    “With respect to molecular mechanisms mediating the anabolic effects of PEs, it has been demonstrated that selective activation of ERs strongly induces regeneration and most likely induces de novo fibre formation in toxin-damaged muscles of female rats180.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [180] Velders, 2012, Selective estrogen receptor-beta activation stimulates skeletal muscle growth and regeneration, FASEB J source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Phytoecdysteroid derivatives have the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, especially tamoxifen, cisplatin and doxorubicine, in a synergistic or agonistic manner in several types of cancer cells.

    “Also, PEs derivatives have the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutics agents, especially tamoxifen, cisplatin and doxorubicine, in a synergistic or agonistic manner in several types of cancer cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The effects of phytoecdysteroid on protein synthesis were mediated via inhibition of PI3K in skeletal muscle cells; the PI3K pathway activates Akt, which increases protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes when treated with 20-HE.

    “These effects were observed to be mediated via inhibition of the phosphoinositide kinase-3 (PI3K) in skeletal muscle cells; the PI3K pathway activates Akt which was shown to increase protein synthesis in skeletal muscles C2C12 myotubes when treated with 20-HE164.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [164] Gorelick-Feldman, 2010, Ecdysteroids elicit a rapid Ca2+ flux leading to Akt activation and increased protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells, Steroids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately thirty genes associated with DNA replication and synthesis appeared downregulated by Leuzea extract, indicating that reduced replication rate and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition checkpoint is more specific than the molecule mechanism in MCF-7 cells.

    “In addition, approximately thirty genes associated with DNA replication and synthesis appeared to be downregulated by the extract, which indicated that reduced replication rate and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S-transition checkpoint is more specific than the molecule mechanism in MCF-7 cells171.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Gaube, 2008, Effects of Leuzea carthamoides on human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells determined by gene expression profiling and functional assays, Planta Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The anticancer effects of a lipophilic Leuzea root extract containing 20-HE were mediated via gene regulation in an antiproliferative manner through downregulation of CCNE2, FOXM1, GTSE1, and PCNA and induced expression of CCNG2, GADD45α, and TP53INP1, pointing to cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition checkpoint in MCF-7 cells.

    “The anticancer effects of a lipophilic Leuzea root extract containing 20-HE was found to be medated via gene regulation in an antiproliferative manner through downregulation of cyclin E2 (CCNE2), forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), G-2 and S-phase expressed 1 (GTSE1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), induced expression of cyclin G2 (CCNG2), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha (GADD45α)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [171] Gaube, 2008, Effects of Leuzea carthamoides on human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells determined by gene expression profiling and functional assays, Planta Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

71 of 71

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The bioactivity of phytoecdysteroids and their molecular mechanisms are not well characterized.

    “The bioactivity of PE and molecular mechanisms are not well characterized.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The nuclear receptor complex is not expressed in mammals.

    “In mammals, PEs execute their effects through human steroid hormone receptors as the nuclear receptor complex is not expressed in mammals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mechanism behind phytoecdysteroid-mediated activation of Akt is not clear.

    “Although the mechanism behind PE-mediated activation of Akt is not clear”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In arthropods, the effects of phytoecdysteroids are mediated through nuclear receptor complexes consisting of ecdy receptor and ultraspiracle protein.

    “In arthropods, the effects of PEs are mediated through nuclear receptor complexes consisting of two proteins, which are ecdy receptor and ultraspiracle protein.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ABCB1 are involved in cancer chemo-resistance and the stemness of cancer cells.

    “As ABCB1 are essentially involved in cancer chemo-resistance and the stemness of cancer cells”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with carcinogenesis.

    “As the two conditions are essentially associated with carcinogenesis”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Table attributes both NO-inhibition values to one compound

    Minor

    Table 1 associates both 29.7% and 26.0% NO inhibition with niuxixinsterone D. The text assigns those values to niuxixinsterone D and serfurosterone A, respectively.

  • HeLa is assigned two different cancer types in one table row

    Minor

    The activity description identifies HeLa as a cervical carcinoma cell line, while the cell-line column of the same row calls it a leukemia cell line.

  • The cited Baltaev review has conflicting publication years

    Minor

    The introduction dates the cited Baltaev review to 1998, but reference 24 gives its publication year as 2000.

  • The number of source families changes from 17 to 18

    Minor

    The same section describes the 212 new phytoecdysteroids as coming from 17 plant families, then says there are 18 and lists 18.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 186 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. YuR, 1992, Effect of phytoecdysteroids on the sexual activity of male rats, Dokl Akad Nauk Resp Uzb, 347
  2. Báthori, 1999, Complex phytoecdysteroid cocktail of Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae), Arch Insect Biochem Physiol, 41, 1, 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(1999)41:1<1::aid-arch2>3.0.co;2-r · DOI
  3. Tan, 2002, A new phytoecdysterone from Cyanotis arachnoidea, Chin Chem Lett, 13, 245
  4. Laosooksathit, 2003, Ecdysteroids as insect control agents : a new ecdysteroid from stem bark of Vitex canescens, J KMITNB, 13, 1
  5. Sadati, 2012, Phytochemical study and in vitro cytotoxic effect of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella, Asian J Chem, 24, 2871

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Das, N., Mishra, S. K., Bishayee, A., Ali, E. S., & Bishayee, A.
Affiliations
  • Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (IN)
  • Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
  • Das, Niranjan
  • Bishayee, Anupam
ORCID
Venue
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-07
Volume
11
Issue
7
Pages
1740-1766
ISSN
2211-3835 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012
PMC
PMC8343124
OpenAlex
W3093037479
Cited by
115
References
186
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17
FWCI
1.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Phytochemical Studies and Bioactivities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Keywords
phytoecdysteroids, ecdysteroids, plant steroids, insecticidal plant compounds, secondary metabolites, mevalonate pathway, 20-hydroxyecdysone, insect molting, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties, medicinal properties, plant-insect interactions

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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