The NOX1/4 Inhibitor GKT136901 as Selective and Direct Scavenger of Peroxynitrite
Open accessAbstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX), catalyzing the reduction of molecular oxygen to form the superoxide radical anion (•O₂⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), are involved in several pathological conditions, such as stroke, diabetes, atherosclerosis, but also in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or multiple sclerosis. GKT136901 is a novel NOX-1/4 inhibitor with potential application in the areas of diabetic nephropathy, stroke, or neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated additional pharmacological activities of the compound with respect to direct free radical scavenging. GKT136901 did not interact with nitric oxide (•NO), •O₂⁻, or hydroxyl radicals (•OH), but it acted as selective scavenger of peroxynitrite (PON) already in the submicromolar concentration range. Alpha synuclein (ASYN) is a protein involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and a known target for PON-dependent tyrosine nitration. Submicromolar concentrations of GKT136901 prevented tyrosine nitration and di-tyrosine-dependent dimer formation of ASYN by PON as indicated by Western blot and mass spectrometric analysis. GKT136901 itself was degraded when exposed to PON. In a human neuronal cell model, GKT136901 prevented both the depletion of reduced intracellular glutathione, and the degeneration of neurites when present during PON treatment of the cells. When GKT136901 was applied after PON treatment, no protective effect was observed, thus excluding an impact of GKT136901 on cellular death/survival pathways. In summary, selective scavenging of PON is an additional pharmacological property of the NOX-1/4 inhibitor GKT136901, and this may add to the efficiency of the drug in several disease models.
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Effects of dietary polyphenols can be in part due to interaction with different enzymatic systems.
“The effects of these dietary components can be, in part, due to the interaction with different enzymatic systems (30, 558, 824), but the link between these compounds and NO formation deserves further investigation (600, 789).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [824]
GKT136901 also scavenges ONOO−, a RNS, and therefore works more like an antioxidant than a specific Nox inhibitor.
“Notably, GKT136901 also scavenges ONOO−, a RNS [410] and therefore works more like an antioxidant than a specific Nox inhibitor.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [410]
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Role of NADPH Oxidase in b Cell Dysfunction 34
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- Authors
- Schildknecht, S., Weber, A., Gerding, H., Pape, R., Robotta, M., Drescher, M., Marquardt, A., Daiber, A., Ferger, B., & Leist, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Konstanz (DE)
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany) (DE)
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2013-12-31
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 365-376
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161279980
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- peroxynitrite scavenging, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, alpha-synuclein, tyrosine nitration, Parkinson's disease, glutathione depletion, neurite degeneration, free radical scavenging, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- NADPH Oxidase 1, NADPH Oxidase 4, Amino Acid Sequence, Cell Line, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Nitric Oxide, Pyrazoles, Pyridones, Free Radical Scavengers, NADPH Oxidases, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peroxynitrous Acid, alpha-Synuclein
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