Insulin Resistance as Common Molecular Denominator Linking Obesity to Alzheimer‘s Disease
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related multi-factorial disorder to which metabolic factors contribute at what has canonically been considered a centrally mediated process. Although the exact underlying mechanisms are still unknown, obesity is recognized as a risk factor for AD and the condition of insulin resistance seems to be the link between the two pathologies. Using mice with high fat diet (HFD) obesity we dissected the molecular mechanisms shared by the two disorders. Brains of HFD fed mice showed elevated levels of APP and Aβ40/Aβ42 together with BACE, GSK3β and Tau proteins involved in APP processing and Aβ accumulation. Immunofluorescence, Thioflavin T staining experiments, confirmed increased Aβ generation, deposition in insoluble fraction and plaques formation in both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex of HFD mice. Presence of Aβ40/Aβ42 in the insoluble fraction was also shown by ELISA assay. Brain insulin resistance was demonstrated by reduced presence of insulin receptor (IRs) and defects in Akt-Foxo3a insulin signaling. We found reduced levels of phospho-Akt and increased levels of Foxo3a in the nuclei of neurons where proapototic genes were activated. Dysregulation of different genes related to insulin resistance, especially those involved in inflammation and adipocytokines synthesis were analyzed by Profiler PCR array. Further, HFD induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamics as demonstrated by expression of biomarkers involved in these processes. Here, we provide evidence that obesity and AD markers besides insulin resistance are associated with inflammation, adipokine dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, all mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.
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Insulin resistance secondary to a high-fat diet leads to increased levels of oxidative stress, which contributes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
“A recent study showed that insulin resistance secondary to a high-fat diet leads to increased levels of oxidative stress, which contributes to neurodegeneration in AD [44].”
From Oxidative Stress and Ageing: The Influence of Environmental Pollution, Sunlight and Diet on Skin (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
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Honey and obesity-related dysfunctions: a summary on health benefits
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Beta-glucans and cancer: The influence of inflammation and gut peptide
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Rutin protects against aging-related metabolic dysfunction
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Influence of glucagon-like peptide 2 on energy homeostasis
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β-Amyloid Peptide: the Cell Compartment Multi-faceted Interaction in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Enriching the Mediterranean diet could nourish the brain more effectively
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Glucagon-like peptide-2 reduces the obesity-associated inflammation in the brain
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Mechanisms Associated with Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer-Related Pathology
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Potential Roles of Adropin in Central Nervous System: Review of Current Literature
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Iron metabolism in diabetes-induced Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on insulin resistance in the brain
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Exploiting Common Aspects of Obesity and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Influence of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 on lipid disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet
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A metabolic perspective of late onset Alzheimer’s disease
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Role of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs) in Epilepsy and Metabolic Cognitive Impairment
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Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of donepezil in type 2 diabetic rats
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Adropin: A crucial regulator of cardiovascular health and metabolic balance
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Diabesity and Brain Energy Metabolism: The Case of Alzheimer’s Disease
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Contribution of hyperglycemia-induced changes in microglia to Alzheimer’s disease pathology
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Protective potential of glucagon like peptide 2 (GLP-2) against the neurodegeneration
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From Small Peptides to Large Proteins against Alzheimer’sDisease
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Effects of Hypericum scabrum extract on dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity in high fat diet-fed rats
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A sport-specific optimization approach to mental wellness for youth in low-income neighborhoods
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Dendrimers—Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Astrocytes at the intersection of ageing, obesity, and neurodegeneration
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- Authors
- Nuzzo, D., Picone, P., Baldassano, S., Caruana, L., Messina, E., Gammazza, A., Cappello, F., Mulè, F., & Carlo, M.
- Affiliations
- National Research Council (IT)
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare Alberto Monroy (IT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Alzheimer Research
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2015-09-11
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 723-735
- ISSN
- 1567-2050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W831032665
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Alzheimer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Nova Science Publishers (Nova Science Publishers, Inc.) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- insulin resistance, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, high-fat diet, amyloid-beta, APP processing, BACE, GSK3β, tau protein, insulin receptor, neuroinflammation, adipokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, amyloid plaques
- MeSH terms
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Gene Expression Regulation, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Receptor, Insulin, Time Factors, Signal Transduction, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, Mice, Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases, Amyloidogenic Proteins, Diet, High-Fat
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