Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV)-based Coronavirus Spike-pseudotyped Particle Production and Infection
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Viral pseudotyped particles (pp) are enveloped virus particles, typically derived from retroviruses or rhabdoviruses, that harbor heterologous envelope glycoproteins on their surface and a genome lacking essential genes. These synthetic viral particles are safer surrogates of native viruses and acquire the tropism and host entry pathway characteristics governed by the heterologous envelope glycoprotein used. They have proven to be very useful tools used in research with many applications, such as enabling the study of entry pathways of enveloped viruses and to generate effective gene-delivery vectors. The basis for their generation lies in the capacity of some viruses, such as murine leukemia virus (MLV), to incorporate envelope glycoproteins of other viruses into a pseudotyped virus particle. These can be engineered to contain reporter genes such as luciferase, enabling quantification of virus entry events upon pseudotyped particle infection with susceptible cells. Here, we detail a protocol enabling generation of MLV-based pseudotyped particles, using the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) as an example of a heterologous envelope glycoprotein to be incorporated. We also describe how these particles are used to infect susceptible cells and to perform a quantitative infectivity readout by a luciferase assay.
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Pennisi, R., Gentile, D., Trischitta, P., Barreca, D., Rescifina, A., Mandalari, G., & Sciortino, M. T. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26041667 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The green tea catechin EGCG provides proof-of-concept for a pan-coronavirus entry inhibitorPreprint
LeBlanc, E. V., & Colpitts, C. C. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Antibody-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2Preprint
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Molecular basis of pathogenicity of the recently emerged FCoV-23 coronavirusPreprint
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Self-citationPseudotyped Viruses for Coronaviruses
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- Authors
- Millet, J., & Whittaker, G.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Millet, Jean
- Whittaker, Gary
- Venue
- BIO-PROTOCOL
- Publisher
- Bio-Protocol, LLC
- Published
- 2016
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 23
- ISSN
- 2331-8325 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5181643
- OpenAlex
- W2560458113
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- BIO-PROTOCOL (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (HHSN272201400005C, R21AI111085)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
- Keywords
- murine leukemia virus, luciferase reporter assay, gene delivery vectors, enveloped viruses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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