Mapping Technologies, Support Functions, Evaluation Outcomes, and Safety Governance Related to Conversational AI Agents for Psychological Support of Patients With Cancer: Scoping Review

May combine two claims.

Psychological distress and unmet psychosocial needs are common across the cancer continuum.

“Psychological distress and unmet psychosocial needs are common across the cancer continuum.”

• cites [2] sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction says anxiety and depression are the most common psychological symptoms in patients with cancer, irrespective of disease stage or treatment phase. The Incidence and prevalence > Anxiety section identifies fear of recurrence as a common unmet need of cancer survivors, but does not establish that unmet psychosocial needs generally are common across the entire cancer continuum. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [3] sourceSupported
• cites [4] sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion reports that depression and anxiety are common among cancer survivors, and the Discussion describes psychological-support needs going unmet because of stigma and barriers to care. The paper does not establish that unmet psychosocial needs are common across the entire cancer continuum; its before-, during-, and after-treatment estimates concern pain, not those needs. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Related reviews have examined health care chatbots and LLMs for cancer decision-making.

“Related reviews have examined health care chatbots [Laymouna M, Ma Y, Lessard D, Schuster T, Engler K, Lebouché B. Roles, users, benefits, and limitations of chatbots in health care: rapid review. J Med Internet Res. Jul 23, 2024;26:e56930. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]13] and LLMs for cancer decision-making”

• cites [13] sourceSupported
• cites [14] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cancer creates substantial needs for supportive care alongside diagnosis and treatment.

“Cancer creates substantial needs for supportive care alongside diagnosis and treatment.”

• cites [1] 2025, Lancet sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review was reported according to the PRISMA-ScR checklist.

“reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist”

• cites [20] sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Uncertainty, fear of recurrence or progression, symptoms, functional disruption, and financial strain can contribute to distress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and unmet psychosocial needs.

“Uncertainty, fear of recurrence or progression, symptoms, functional disruption, and financial strain can contribute to distress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and unmet psychosocial needs”

• cites [2] sourcePartly supported

  The Incidence and prevalence > Anxiety section (page unavailable) says fear of recurrence or progression is a common unmet need and that intense fear can exacerbate anxiety, disturb sleep, and favour depression. The Risk factors sections also link physical symptoms and impaired functioning with anxiety, and lower socioeconomic status with depression. The Introduction describes uncertainty as a symptom rather than a contributor, and the passages found do not specifically establish financial strain as a cause of the listed outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [3] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individual studies have investigated positive psychology support after cancer treatment.

“Individual studies have investigated positive psychology support after cancer treatment”

• cites [10] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An umbrella review reported pooled prevalence estimates of 33.16% for depression and 30.55% for anxiety among patients with cancer.

“An umbrella review reported pooled prevalence estimates of 33.16% for depression and 30.55% for anxiety among patients with cancer”

• cites [4] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their review also discussed therapeutic foundations and ethical concerns.

“Their review also discussed therapeutic foundations and ethical concerns.”

• cites [18] sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Kılınç and Oflaz synthesized 7 English-language randomized trials of AI-based psychosocial interventions in cancer, including conversational and nonconversational tools, and assessed outcomes and risk of bias.

“synthesized 7 English-language randomized trials of AI-based psychosocial interventions in cancer, including conversational and nonconversational tools, and assessed outcomes and risk of bias.”

• cites [18] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Empirical evaluations have considered response quality, empathy, and unsafe answers.

“while empirical evaluations have considered response quality, empathy, and unsafe answers”

• cites [15] sourcePartly supported

  The Methods and Results report physician ratings of response quality and empathy, including medical accuracy. They do not report an evaluation of unsafe answers as a separate outcome; the paper’s recommendation for clinician oversight does not establish that such answers were measured. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [16] sourcePartly supported

  The Methods > Survey passage describes an empirical evaluation of perceived empathy in chatbot and physician responses. The Abstract reports a separate evaluation of response quality, but this study did not evaluate unsafe answers; it discusses misinformation as a concern for future assessments. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [17] sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Methods describe an empirical evaluation of chatbot response quality and safety, including physician quality ratings and tags for unsafe responses. Our copy does not show an evaluation of empathy, so the cited paper supports only part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies involving 1817 participants examined conversational agents across cancer care and identified heterogeneity in interventions, outcomes, and implementation.

“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 studies involving 1817 participants examined conversational agents across cancer care and identified heterogeneity in interventions, outcomes, and implementation”

• cites [9] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of 2144 records screened, 2067 (96.4%) were excluded.

“After removing 1806 duplicate records (45.7% of those identified), 2144 records remained for title and abstract screening, of which 2067 (96.4%) were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A total of 3950 records were identified through database and register searches.

“A total of 3950 records were identified through database and register searches.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The remaining 77 reports were sought for retrieval, and 1 report could not be retrieved.

“The remaining 77 reports were sought for retrieval, and 1 report could not be retrieved.”

May combine two claims.

The review included 24 reports representing 25 study units and 23 underlying projects.

“We included 24 reports representing 25 study units and 23 underlying projects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After removing 1806 duplicate records, 2144 records remained for title and abstract screening.

“After removing 1806 duplicate records (45.7% of those identified), 2144 records remained for title and abstract screening, of which 2067 (96.4%) were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Among 76 full-text reports, 52 (68.4%) were excluded.

“Among these, 52 reports (68.4%) were excluded for the following reasons:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

76 full-text reports were assessed for eligibility.

“Consequently, 76 full-text reports were assessed for eligibility.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reasons for exclusion were not involving the target population (n=6), not involving an AI conversational tool (n=9), not reporting psychological support functions or outcomes (n=8), ineligible evidence type (n=23), insufficient information (n=4), and duplicate publication (n=2).

“not involving the target population (n=6), not involving an AI conversational tool (n=9), not reporting psychological support functions or outcomes (n=8), ineligible evidence type (n=23), insufficient information (n=4), and duplicate publication (n=2).”

May combine two claims.

Acceptability, user experience, and engagement were reported more often than psychosocial clinical or safety outcomes, consistent with broader oncology and mental health chatbot evidence.

“Acceptability, user experience, and engagement were reported more often than psychosocial clinical or safety outcomes, consistent with broader oncology and mental health chatbot evidence”

• cites Jiang et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hua et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Designs included 6 randomized or crossover trial reports, 2 trial-derived secondary analyses, 6 nonrandomized user evaluations, and qualitative, co-design, simulated, development, or protocol reports.

“Designs included 6 randomized or crossover trial reports, 2 trial-derived secondary analyses, 6 nonrandomized user evaluations, and qualitative, co-design, simulated, development, or protocol reports.”

May combine two claims.

These non-mutually exclusive evaluation domains often co-occurred; the comparison concerns reporting frequency rather than separate types of study.

“These non–mutually exclusive domains often co-occurred; the comparison concerns reporting frequency rather than separate types of study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Concept or perception with no fixed deployed system was the primary AI system form in 3 of 23 projects (13%).

“Concept or perception; no fixed deployed system 3 (13)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the 24 included reports, 16 (66.7%) were published in 2025 or 2026.

“Of the 24 included reports, 16 (66.7%) were published in 2025 or 2026, and 6 (25%) were from the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Multimodal monitoring platform and chatbot was the primary AI system form in 1 of 23 projects (4.3%).

“Multimodal monitoring platform and chatbot 1 (4.3)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 2 CanRelax reports represented a single study unit and project.

“The 2 CanRelax reports represented a single study unit and project;”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

6 (25%) of the 24 included reports were from the United States.

“Of the 24 included reports, 16 (66.7%) were published in 2025 or 2026, and 6 (25%) were from the United States.”

May combine two claims.

Conversational AI in cancer psychological support encompasses diverse technologies and functions, with more evidence on information provision and self-management than on delivered structured psychological interventions.

“Conversational AI in cancer psychological support encompasses diverse technologies and functions, with more evidence on information provision and self-management than on delivered structured psychological interventions.”

May combine two claims.

Included designs ranged from protocols and simulated evaluations to trials, so mapped projects do not represent equivalent levels of clinical evidence.

“Included designs ranged from protocols and simulated evaluations to trials, so mapped projects do not represent equivalent levels of clinical evidence.”

May combine two claims.

The present evidence map does not establish clinical effectiveness or readiness for routine use.

“The present evidence map does not establish clinical effectiveness or readiness for routine use.”

May combine two claims.

Clinical and safety evaluation, theoretical foundations, population representation, and oversight responsibilities remain incompletely reported.

“Clinical and safety evaluation, theoretical foundations, population representation, and oversight responsibilities remain incompletely reported.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Discrepancies in charting were resolved through discussion, and a third reviewer was consulted when consensus could not be reached.

“Discrepancies were resolved through discussion, and a third reviewer was consulted when consensus could not be reached.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Coding was based on explicit full-text statements; titles, abstracts, author affiliations, and general background statements were not used to infer unreported features.

“Coding was based on explicit full-text statements; titles, abstracts, author affiliations, and general background statements were not used to infer unreported features.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Human oversight was charted only when explicitly described.

“Human oversight was charted only when explicitly described”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No formal critical appraisal was undertaken.

“No formal critical appraisal was undertaken.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Uncertain codes were reassessed against the operational definitions, with disagreements and supporting source locations documented.

“Uncertain codes were reassessed against the operational definitions, with disagreements and supporting source locations documented.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Disagreements at either screening stage were resolved through discussion, and unresolved disagreements were adjudicated by a third reviewer.

“Disagreements at either screening stage were resolved through discussion, and unresolved disagreements were adjudicated by a third reviewer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two reviewers independently charted data from each included source using the finalized form.

“Two reviewers independently charted data from each included source using the finalized form.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These findings represent a map of reporting patterns and do not establish effectiveness or safety.

“These findings represent a map of reporting patterns and do not establish effectiveness or safety.”

May combine two claims.

Institutional ethics review and informed consent were not required for this review.

“Institutional ethics review and informed consent were therefore not required.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Formal critical appraisal and meta-analysis were not undertaken because the review aimed to map the evidence rather than estimate effectiveness.

“Formal critical appraisal and meta-analysis were not undertaken because the review aimed to map the evidence rather than estimate effectiveness.”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “No formal critical appraisal was undertaken.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each charted item retained a source locator (page, section, table, or quoted text, where available) to support auditability.

“Each charted item retained a source locator (page, section, table, or quoted text, where available) to support auditability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

No population was classified as underserved or vulnerable solely by reviewer inference.

“No population was classified as underserved or vulnerable solely by reviewer inference.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Neither the "not reported" nor the "unclear" code was interpreted as evidence that a system feature or population characteristic was absent.

“Neither code was interpreted as evidence that a system feature or population characteristic was absent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts in Zotero using predefined tags and collections.

“Two reviewers then independently screened titles and abstracts in Zotero using predefined tags and collections.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Full texts were assessed independently by 2 reviewers against the eligibility criteria.

“Full texts were assessed independently by 2 reviewers against the eligibility criteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The protocol was prospectively registered on the OSF before formal title and abstract screening and data charting (UM65W).

“The protocol was prospectively registered on the OSF before formal title and abstract screening and data charting (UM65W).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data charting form was pilot-tested on 5-10 included reports representing different evidence types before full data charting.

“Before full data charting, the form was pilot-tested on 5-10 included reports representing different evidence types, including intervention, development or evaluation, usability, LLM response evaluation, qualitative or co-design, and protocol reports.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Before formal screening, 2 reviewers independently pilot-screened approximately 30-50 titles and abstracts to test the eligibility criteria and clarify operational definitions.

“Before formal screening, 2 reviewers independently pilot-screened approximately 30-50 titles and abstracts to test the eligibility criteria and clarify operational definitions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review questions and eligibility criteria were unchanged.

“The review questions and eligibility criteria were unchanged.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology.

“This scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology”

• cites [19] Peters, MD, 2024, JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This review analyzed published and publicly available literature and did not involve the collection of identifiable human participant data.

“This review analyzed published and publicly available literature and did not involve the collection of identifiable human participant data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individual studies have investigated ChatGPT-based counseling before chemotherapy.

“ChatGPT-based counseling before chemotherapy”

• cites [12] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Any amendments to the registered protocol were documented on OSF, including the date, description, and rationale for each change.

“Any amendments to the registered protocol were documented on OSF, including the date, description, and rationale for each change.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Information not explicitly described in the report was coded as "not reported"; information present but not reliably classifiable was coded as "unclear."

“Information not explicitly described in the report was coded as “not reported”; information that was present but could not be classified reliably was coded as “unclear.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Following peer review, the review team refined the charting of support functions, theoretical foundations, system types, human oversight, and population characteristics across the 24 included reports.

“Following peer review, the review team refined the charting of support functions, theoretical foundations, system types, human oversight, and population characteristics across the 24 included reports.”

May combine two claims.

Theoretical foundations, population characteristics, and operational oversight were incompletely reported.

“Theoretical foundations, population characteristics, and operational oversight were incompletely reported.”

May combine two claims.

Only one-quarter of reports named a theoretical or conceptual framework, which provides a complementary perspective to outcome-focused reviews, but neither a therapeutic component nor a named framework demonstrates that a psychosocial mechanism was tested.

“Only one-quarter of reports named a theoretical or conceptual framework. This provides a complementary perspective to outcome-focused reviews”

• Also stated in: § Discussion · plain

  “but neither a therapeutic component nor a named framework demonstrates that a psychosocial mechanism was tested.”

• cites Nezenega et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Kılınç and OflazNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zhang et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Broader mental health evidence suggests that efficacy is beginning to emerge but remains uncertain.

“Broader mental health evidence suggests that efficacy is beginning to emerge but remains uncertain.”

May combine two claims.

System architecture affects the balance between conversational flexibility and content control: more open-ended generation may support personalization and empathic interaction, whereas more constrained systems may permit tighter control over content and response pathways.

“These findings matter because system architecture affects the balance between conversational flexibility and content control: more open-ended generation may support personalization and empathic interaction, whereas more constrained systems may permit tighter control over content and response pathways.”

May combine two claims.

A subsequent 2026 systematic review of general-purpose LLMs in mental health care found that most evidence came from vignette, simulation, or retrospective studies, with sparse prospective real-world evaluation and generally low certainty across clinical domains.

“A subsequent 2026 systematic review of general-purpose LLMs in mental health care found that most evidence came from vignette, simulation, or retrospective studies, with sparse prospective real-world evaluation and generally low certainty across clinical domains”

• cites Leung et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Evaluation emphasized acceptability and engagement, with psychosocial clinical and safety assessments reported less frequently.

“Evaluation emphasized acceptability and engagement, with psychosocial clinical and safety assessments reported less frequently.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The wider representation of information and self-management functions may be explained by their greater ease of anchoring to curated content or predefined workflows, consistent with broader oncology evidence.

“This may help explain their wider representation, consistent with broader oncology evidence”

• cites Jiang et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Older adults, people with advanced or metastatic disease, and several characteristics relevant to equity, including race or ethnicity, rurality, language, and digital access or literacy, were incompletely reported.

“Older adults, people with advanced or metastatic disease, and several characteristics relevant to equity, including race or ethnicity, rurality, language, and digital access or literacy, were incompletely reported.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A recent systematic review of 160 mental health chatbot studies documented a rapid transition from rule-based systems toward LLM-based approaches, while noting that most LLM studies remained at early validation stages.

“A recent systematic review of 160 mental health chatbot studies likewise documented a rapid transition from rule-based systems toward LLM-based approaches, while noting that most LLM studies remained at early validation stages”

• cites Hua et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Broader generative AI mental health evidence has similarly identified limited study of older adults.

“Broader generative AI mental health evidence has similarly identified limited study of older adults”

• cites Zhang et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Information or education and symptom or self-management functions predominated, whereas delivered structured psychological interventions were less common.

“Information or education and symptom or self-management functions predominated, whereas delivered structured psychological interventions were less common.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The varied disciplinary origins and developmental purposes of these systems may contribute to inconsistent theory reporting.

“The varied disciplinary origins and developmental purposes of these systems may contribute to inconsistent theory reporting.”

May combine two claims.

Many included reports were feasibility or pilot studies, co-design studies, simulated response evaluations, system development studies, or protocols, for which usability, acceptability, and engagement are appropriate early-stage outcomes.

“Many included reports were feasibility or pilot studies, co-design studies, simulated response evaluations, system development studies, or protocols, for which usability, acceptability, and engagement are appropriate early-stage outcomes.”

May combine two claims.

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of generative AI mental health chatbots found a modest average reduction in negative mental health outcomes but with substantial heterogeneity and wide prediction intervals.

“A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of generative AI mental health chatbots found a modest average reduction in negative mental health outcomes but with substantial heterogeneity and wide prediction intervals”

• cites Zhang et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Frequencies describe reporting patterns and should not be interpreted as measures of study quality, effectiveness, safety, or clinical readiness.

“Frequencies describe reporting patterns and should not be interpreted as measures of study quality, effectiveness, safety, or clinical readiness.”

May combine two claims.

General-purpose LLMs were eligible only within studied oncology support contexts; findings therefore cannot characterize unstudied, independent everyday use by people with cancer.

“General-purpose LLMs were eligible only within studied oncology support contexts; findings therefore cannot characterize unstudied, independent everyday use by people with cancer.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

More complex emotional support or structured psychological intervention requires stronger evidence of therapeutic benefit, continuity, and safety, particularly when systems may encounter severe distress or other high-risk disclosures.

“More complex emotional support or structured psychological intervention requires stronger evidence of therapeutic benefit, continuity, and safety, particularly when systems may encounter severe distress or other high-risk disclosures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Evidence on LLMs in mental health warrants caution about unsupervised high-risk use.

“Evidence on LLMs in mental health similarly warrants caution about unsupervised high-risk use”

• cites Leung J, Johnson B, McRae K, Fong S, Gonzalez PC, McClure-Thomas C, et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

A subsequent scoping review of equity in digital oncology reported geographic and population gaps, persistent technical access barriers, and associations between socioeconomic factors and uptake.

“A subsequent scoping review of equity in digital oncology reported geographic and population gaps, persistent technical access barriers, and associations between socioeconomic factors and uptake”

• cites Prakash et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One possible explanation for the imbalance is that institutional research ethics and privacy procedures are already embedded in established research governance, whereas AI-specific safeguards for open-ended conversational systems are newer and less standardized.

“One possible explanation is that institutional research ethics and privacy procedures are already embedded in established research governance, whereas AI-specific safeguards for open-ended conversational systems are newer and less standardized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Formative and simulated studies may prioritize interaction quality over representativeness.

“Formative and simulated studies may prioritize interaction quality over representativeness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Separating delivered functions from other evidence states improves the interpretability of the evidence map.

“Separating delivered functions from other evidence states improves the interpretability of the evidence map.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cancer distress guidance supports clear assessment and referral pathways.

“Cancer distress guidance supports clear assessment and referral pathways”

• cites Weis J, Mehnert-Theuerkauf AK, Bruns G, Maatouk I, Jentschke E, Riedner C, et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Andersen BL, Lacchetti C, Ashing K, Berek JS, Berman BS, Bolte S, et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The review had a registered protocol, multidisciplinary search, independent screening and charting, and explicit linkage of reports, study units, and projects.

“Strengths include a registered protocol, multidisciplinary search, independent screening and charting, and explicit linkage of reports, study units, and projects.”

May combine two claims.

A 2026 qualitative systematic review found that older adults with cancer can value digital interventions for information access and self-management but also encounter technical difficulties, suboptimal content design, and heterogeneous support needs.

“In oncology specifically, a 2026 qualitative systematic review found that older adults with cancer can value digital interventions for information access and self-management but also encounter technical difficulties, suboptimal content design, and heterogeneous support needs”

• cites Zhang J et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Incomplete project identifiers may affect report linkage.

“Incomplete project identifiers may also affect report linkage.”

May combine two claims.

Age, functional burden, language, digital access, and support needs can affect use in oncology.

“Nevertheless, age, functional burden, language, digital access, and support needs can affect use in oncology”

• cites Zhang J et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Prakash et alNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.