Predictors and Effects of Usage of an Online Mindfulness Intervention for Distressed Cancer Patients: Usability Study
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Abstract
BACKGROUND One in three cancer patients experience high psychological distress. Mindfulness-based interventions are effective in reducing psychological distress in this patient group. However, these interventions lack availability and flexibility, which may compromise participation in the intervention for cancer patients experiencing late symptoms like fatigue or pain. Therefore, mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly offered via the internet. However, little is known about the usage of these online mindfulness-based interventions. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to (1) predict uptake of and adherence to online mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (eMBCT) using baseline patient characteristics (demographic, cancer-related, personality, and psychological variables) and (2) examine the relations between adherence and treatment outcomes in eMBCT for cancer patients. METHODS A total of 125 cancer patients were assigned to eMBCT in a parent randomized controlled trial comparing MBCT and eMBCT with treatment as usual in distressed cancer patients. Various usage measures of eMBCT were automatically tracked within the online program. Based on activity of use, participants were classified as nonusers, minimal users, low users, and intended users. Questionnaires were used to assess baseline characteristics (preintervention) and outcomes (pre- and postintervention). To answer the research questions, data were analyzed with t tests, χ2 tests, and linear regression models. RESULTS Based on weekly activity, participants were classified as nonusers (n=17, 13.6%), who completed no exercises in MBCT; minimal users (n=31, 24.8%), who completed at least one exercise of one to three sessions; low users (n=12, 9.6%), who completed at least one exercise of four to seven sessions; and intended users (n=65, 52.0%), who completed at least one exercise of eight to nine sessions. Nonusers had more fear of cancer recurrence at baseline than users (uptake), and intended users were more conscientious than minimal and low users (adherence). Intended users reported a larger reduction in psychological distress and more improvement of positive mental health (ie, emotional, psychological, and social well-being) after the intervention than other participants. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that adherence was related to improved patient outcomes. Patients with strong fear of recurrence or low levels of conscientiousness should receive extra attention, as they are less likely to respectively start or complete eMBCT. Future research may focus on the development of flexible and adaptive eMBCT programs to fit individual needs.
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The finding that conscientiousness predicted uptake is broadly consistent with the Cillessen et al. (2020) study of people living with cancer, which found that conscientiousness predicted uptake of an online mindfulness intervention.
“This finding is broadly consistent with the Cillessen et al. (2020) study of people living with cancer, which found that conscientiousness predicted uptake of an online mindfulness intervention.”
From Predictors of acceptability and engagement in a self-guided online program for depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Cillessen et al., 2020
In Results > Prediction of Uptake and Adherence (page unavailable), conscientiousness did not differ meaningfully between users and nonusers (P=.69), contrary to the claimed prediction of uptake. The same section instead associates conscientiousness with adherence among those who used the intervention (P=.04); the Discussion identifies fear of cancer recurrence as the predictor of uptake. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder age was associated with greater iConquerFear engagement, consistent with findings that old age was not a predictor of engagement but a predictor of uptake.
“However, older age was associated with greater iConquerFear engagement [51], which was consistent with Cillessen et al.’s [64] findings that old age was not a predictor of engagement, but a predictor of uptake.”
From Web-based interventions for fear of cancer recurrence: A scoping review with a focus on suggestions for the development and evaluation of future interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
In Results > Prediction of Uptake and Adherence, the paper reports no adherence-group differences other than conscientiousness, supporting the finding that age did not predict engagement. But its uptake comparison also found no significant age difference between users and nonusers (P=.30), so the claim that age predicted uptake is not supported by Cillessen et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome aspects of intervention content, such as meditation practice, were not possible to track and were based on self-report, which cannot be held to be objectively accurate.
“However, some aspects of intervention content were not possible to track, such as meditation practice [39, 64] and were based on self-report, which cannot be held to be objectively accurate.”
From Web-based interventions for fear of cancer recurrence: A scoping review with a focus on suggestions for the development and evaluation of future interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
The Discussion (page not available) says website logs could miss meditation done with downloaded audio or on YouTube, so the authors could not be sure they measured actual meditation practice. The Methods > Intervention section describes participants recording their experiences of meditation, but the paper does not say that meditation practice was measured by self-report or assess the accuracy of such reports. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne study found both uptake and adherence to an online mindfulness intervention with therapist support for psychological distress in people with cancer were predicted by conscientiousness.
“One study by Cillessen et al. (2020) that examined an online mindfulness intervention with therapist support for psychological distress in people with cancer found that both uptake and adherence were predicted by the personality trait of conscientiousness.”
From Predictors of acceptability and engagement in a self-guided online program for depression and anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Cillessen et al. (2020)
The Discussion reports that low conscientiousness predicted difficulty completing eMBCT, supporting the adherence part. It identifies fear of cancer recurrence—not conscientiousness—as a predictor of uptake; the Results table shows no significant difference in conscientiousness between users and nonusers (P=.69). (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the long term, the reduction of psychological distress was significantly higher in eMBCT than in MBCT.
“In the long term, the reduction of psychological distress was significantly higher in eMBCT than in MBCT [64].”
Adherence and finishing rates in the reviewed studies varied: 44% in BREATH, about half in BeMind, 70% in AIM-FBCR, 83% in MindOnline, and 50% in iHOPE.
“Where addressed, the adherence and finishing rates in our reviewed studies varied: 44% in BREATH study [33], ‘about half’ in BeMind study [64], 70% in AIM-FBCR [32], 83% in MindOnline [36]. 50% in iHOPE intervention [52].”
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- Authors
- Cillessen, L., van de Ven, M. O., Compen, F. R., Bisseling, E. M., van der Lee, M. L., & Speckens, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cillessen, Linda
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2020-10-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e17526
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7568213
- OpenAlex
- W3091075606
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- cancer patients, psychological distress, treatment uptake, medication adherence, fear of cancer recurrence, conscientiousness, positive mental health, online intervention
- MeSH terms
- Internet-Based Intervention, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Mindfulness
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