Does Self-Selection Affect Samples’ Representativeness in Online Surveys? An Investigation in Online Video Game Research
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The number of medical studies performed through online surveys has increased dramatically in recent years. Despite their numerous advantages (eg, sample size, facilitated access to individuals presenting stigmatizing issues), selection bias may exist in online surveys. However, evidence on the representativeness of self-selected samples in online studies is patchy. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the representativeness of a self-selected sample of online gamers using online players' virtual characters (avatars). METHODS: All avatars belonged to individuals playing World of Warcraft (WoW), currently the most widely used online game. Avatars' characteristics were defined using various games' scores, reported on the WoW's official website, and two self-selected samples from previous studies were compared with a randomly selected sample of avatars. RESULTS: We used scores linked to 1240 avatars (762 from the self-selected samples and 478 from the random sample). The two self-selected samples of avatars had higher scores on most of the assessed variables (except for guild membership and exploration). Furthermore, some guilds were overrepresented in the self-selected samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that more proficient players or players more involved in the game may be more likely to participate in online surveys. Caution is needed in the interpretation of studies based on online surveys that used a self-selection recruitment procedure. Epidemiological evidence on the reduced representativeness of sample of online surveys is warranted.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-selection was a key factor in the participant selection process due to the increased likelihood for participants to demonstrate interest, willingness, and expertise.
“Self-selection was a key factor in the participant selection process due to the increased likelihood for participants to demonstrate (a) a noticeable interest in the topic, (b) willingness to contribute to the goals of the study, and (c) a higher likelihood of expertise/understanding of the topic (Khazaal et al. 2014).”
From “It’s Not Just About Competition – It’s Ceremony”: Introducing the Embedded Indigeneity Framework for Understanding Identity, Mission, and Practice in TCU and NASNTI Athletics (2026) · cites this paper as Khazaal et al. 2014
The Discussion (Principal Findings; page not provided) links self-selection among World of Warcraft players to interest in the study and willingness to participate. The Abstract (Conclusions; page not provided) suggests that more proficient players may be more likely to participate. The claim extends these qualified findings to participants generally and treats game proficiency as expertise or understanding of the study topic, which the paper does not establish. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Motivations for Play in Online Games
Yee, N. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772 · Cited by 2,939 · see citing works
Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.59.2.93 · Cited by 2,932 · see citing works
Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires
Edwards, P. J., Roberts, I., Clarke, M. J., DiGuiseppi, C., Wentz, R., Kwan, I., Cooper, R., Felix, L. M., & Pratap, S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000008.pub4 · Cited by 1,379 · see citing works
Bethlehem, J. (2010) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x · Cited by 1,315 · cited 5× · see citing works
“It is difficult to estimate the impact of any selection bias because information on non-participants is usually not available, and comparisons between the included and the excluded samples are not feasible [12].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUsing the Internet for Surveys and Health Research
Eysenbach, G., & Wyatt, J. (2002) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4.2.e13 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Collecting behavioural data using the world wide web: considerations for researchers
Rhodes, S. D., Bowie, D. A., & Hergenrather, K. C. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.1.68 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Internet Versus Mailed Questionnaires: A Randomized Comparison
Ritter, P., Lorig, K., Laurent, D., & Matthews, K. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.3.e29 · Cited by 427 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Some studies suggest that the quality of the data provided by Internet-based surveys is at least as good as in those collected by traditional paper-and-pencil methods on self-selected samples [6-8].”
BackgroundWeb-Based Recruiting for Health Research Using a Social Networking Site: An Exploratory Study
Fenner, Y., Garland, S. M., Moore, E. E., Jayasinghe, Y., Fletcher, A., Tabrizi, S. N., Gunasekaran, B., & Wark, J. D. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1978 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Ramo, D. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1878 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Billieux, J., der Linden, M. V., Achab, S., Khazaal, Y., Paraskevopoulos, L., ZULLINO, D. F., & Thorens, G. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.021 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Self-citationKuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2012) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0034 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Whitman, M. V. (2012) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12002 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Mode effects for collecting alcohol and other drug use data: Web and U.S. mail.
McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., Couper, M. P., Crawford, S. D., & d’Arcy, H. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.755 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Dauriat, F. Z., Zermatten, A., Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Bondolfi, G., ZULLINO, D. F., & Khazaal, Y. (2011) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000326070 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationBillieux, J., Chanal, J. P., Khazaal, Y., Rochat, L., Gay, P., ZULLINO, D. F., & der Linden, M. V. (2011) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000322525 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationReaching young adult smokers through the Internet: Comparison of three recruitment mechanisms
Ramo, D. E., Hall, S. M., & Prochaska, J. J. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq086 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Comparison of Web and Mail Surveys in Collecting Illicit Drug Use Data: A Randomized Experiment
McCabe, S. E. (2004) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/4hey-vwxl-dvr3-hakv · Cited by 142 · see citing works
An Internet-based survey method for college student drinking research
Kypri, K., Gallagher, S., & Cashell‐Smith, M. L. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.001 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E. (2008) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.41 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Whitehead, L. (2011) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1593 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ramo, D. E., & Prochaska, J. J. (2012) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/1940-0640-7-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Will Web Surveys Ever Become Part of Mainstream Research?
Schonlau, M. (2004) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.6.3.e31 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cranford, J. A., McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., Slayden, J., Reed, M. B., Croff, J. M., Lange, J. E., & Scott, M. S. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.07.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mayr, A. J., Gefeller, O., Prokosch, H., Pirkl, A., Fröhlich, A., & de Zwaan, M. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.03.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Owen, J. E., Bantum, E. O., Criswell, K. R., Bazzo, J., Gorlick, A., & Stanton, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9509-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C. J., Young, A. M., & Crawford, S. D. (2004) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.2190/tgmb-0x3q-6pv1-9a6w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000160 · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
Self-citationAndreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
The Use of Social Media in Recruitment for Medical Research Studies: A Scoping Review
Topolovec‐Vranic, J., & Natarajan, K. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5698 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Király, O., Sleczka, P., Pontes, H. M., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Problematic video game use as an emotional coping strategy: Evidence from a sample of MMORPG gamers
Blasi, M. D., Giardina, A., Giordano, C., Coco, G. L., Tosto, C., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.02 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationProblematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach
Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., ZULLINO, D. F., Achab, S., & der Linden, M. V. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.055 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationKirály, O., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., Ágoston, C., Nagygyörgy, K., Kökönyei, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3515 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Männikkö, N., Billieux, J., & Kääriäinen, M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.040 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationIntense video gaming is not essentially problematic.
Király, O., Tóth, D., Urbán, R., Demetrovics, Z., & Maráz, A. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000316 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Ethical Issues of Social Media Usage in Healthcare
Bamidis, P., Bond, C., Gabarron, E., Househ, M., Lau, A. Y. S., Mayer, M. A., Merolli, M., Hansen, M., & Denecke, K. (2015) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.15265/iy-2015-001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Racial or Ethnic Differences in Participation: Web-Based Survey
Jang, M., & Vorderstrasse, A. A. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11865 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Ballabio, M., Griffiths, M. D., Urbán, R., Quartiroli, A., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2017) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2017.1305360 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Remote smartphone monitoring of Parkinson’s disease and individual response to therapy
Omberg, L., Neto, E. C., Perumal, T. M., Pratap, A., Tediarjo, A., Adams, J., Bloem, B. R., Bot, B. M., Elson, M. J., Goldman, S. M., et al. (2021) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-021-00974-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Király, O., Bőthe, B., Ramos‐Diaz, J., Rahimi‐Movaghar, A., Lukavská, K., Hrabec, O., Miovský, M., Billieux, J., Deleuze, J., Nuyens, F. M., et al. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000433 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationMeule, A., Müller, A., Gearhardt, A. N., & Jens Blechert, A. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.003 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.046 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationA cross-sectional survey of the readiness of consumers to adopt an environmentally sustainable diet
Culliford, A., & Bradbury, J. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00644-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Fox, J., Gilbert, M., & Tang, W. Y. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818767102 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Kaźmierczak, I., Zajenkowska, A., Rogoza, R., Jonason, P. K., & Ścigała, D. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281046 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Király, O., Billieux, J., King, D. L., Urbán, R., Koncz, P., Polgár, E., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2022.00048 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationMerolli, M., Gray, K. M., & Martin-Sanchez, F. J. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3494 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the 7-item game addiction scale among french and German speaking adults
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Rothen, S., Achab, S., Thorens, G., ZULLINO, D. F., & Gmel, G. E. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0836-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationMerolli, M., Gray, K. M., Martin-Sanchez, F. J., & López–Campos, G. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3915 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Wéry, A., Burnay, J., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2015) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1051213 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationBorle, P., Boerner-Zobel, F., Voelter‐Mahlknecht, S., Hasselhorn, H. M., & Ebener, M. (2020) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-020-01588-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Xu, S., Park, M., Kang, U. G., Choi, J., & Koo, J. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685964 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Marmet, S., Studer, J., Wicki, M., Bertholet, N., Khazaal, Y., & Gmel, G. E. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.70 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationmHealth app for cannabis users: satisfaction and perceived usefulness
Monney, G., Penzenstadler, L., Dupraz, O., Etter, J.-F., & Khazaal, Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00120 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived Overqualification and Psychological Well-Being Among Immigrants
Wassermann, M., & Hoppe, A. (2019) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000219 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prevalence and characteristics of addictive behaviors in a community sample: A latent class analysis
Deleuze, J., Rochat, L., Romo, L., der Linden, M. V., Achab, S., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., ZULLINO, D. F., Maurage, P., Rothen, S., et al. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.04.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLannoy, S., Heeren, A., Rochat, L., Rossignol, M., der Linden, M. V., & Billieux, J. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.023 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDelving into learner autonomy in an EFL MOOC in China: a case study
Ding, Y., & Shen, H. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1681464 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The psychology of “swiping”: A cluster analysis of the mobile dating app Tinder
Rochat, L., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., Aboujaoude, E. N., & Khazaal, Y. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.58 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationI did my bit! The impact of electric vehicle adoption on compensatory beliefs and norms in Norway
Nayum, A., & Thøgersen, J. B. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102541 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Empirical study on Game Transfer Phenomena in a location-based augmented reality game
de Gortari, A. B. O. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Validity Threats in Quantitative Data Collection With Games: A Narrative Survey
Gundry, D., & Deterding, S. (2018) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878118805515 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wéry, A., Deleuze, J., Canale, N., & Billieux, J. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationVarfi, N., Rothen, S., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., & Khazaal, Y. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9978 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationSinner, J., Newton, M., Barclay, J., Baines, J. T., Farrelly, T. A., Edwards, P., & Tipa, G. T. (2020) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734973 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
How much gaming is too much? An analysis based on psychological distress
Katz, D., Horváth, Z., Pontes, H. M., Koncz, P., Demetrovics, Z., & Király, O. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00036 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Devos, G., Challet‐Bouju, G., Burnay, J., Maurage, P., Grall‐Bronnec, M., & Billieux, J. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1264080 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat do software engineers care about? gaps between research and practice
Ivanov, V. V., Rogers, A., Succi, G., Yi, J., & Zorin, V. (2017) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3106237.3117778 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Game elements enhance engagement and mitigate attrition in online learning tasks
Huber, S. E., Cortez, R. L. A., Kiili, K. J. M., Lindstedt, A., & Ninaus, M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107948 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Khazaal, Y., Breivik, K., Billieux, J., ZULLINO, D. F., Thorens, G., Achab, S., Gmel, G. E., & Chatton, A. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10058 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationDi Blasi, M., Giardina, A., Lo Coco, G., Giordano, C., Billieux, J., & Schimmenti, A. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109921 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet Gamblers Differ on Social Variables: A Latent Class Analysis
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Achab, S., Monney, G., Thorens, G., Dufour, M., ZULLINO, D. F., & Rothen, S. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9664-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationWesterheim, I., Hart, T. S., van Welzenis, T., Wekre, L. L., Semler, O., Raggio, C., Bober, M. B., Rapoport, M., Prince, S., & Rauch, F. (2024) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03126-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Factor Structure of the Internet Addiction Test in Online Gamers and Poker Players
Khazaal, Y., Achab, S., Billieux, J., Thorens, G., ZULLINO, D. F., Dufour, M., & Rothen, S. (2015) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.3805 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of the short Arabic UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale
Bteich, G., Berbiche, D., & Khazaal, Y. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1407-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHakim, M., Khattak, F. A., Shahzad, M. A., Ismail, M. F., Ullah, N., Orakzai, M. A., Ulislam, S., & Haq, Z. U. (2020) · Health Security · doi:10.1089/hs.2020.0142 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gold, A. K., Hoyt, D. L., Milligan, M. A., Hiserodt, M., Samora, J., Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Otto, M. W. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1877340 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire
Franc, E., Khazaal, Y., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., & Rothen, S. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.67 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationScofflaw bicycling: Illegal but rational
Marshall, W. E., Piatkowski, D. P., & Johnson, A. S. (2017) · Journal of Transport and Land Use · doi:10.5198/jtlu.2017.871 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
McCubbin, A. J., Cox, G. R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0270 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Software architectural patterns in practice: an empirical study
Kassab, M., Mazzara, M., Lee, J., & Succi, G. (2018) · Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11334-018-0319-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cronshaw, S. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12375 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Balayssac, D., Pereira, B., Virot, J., Lambert, C., Collin, A., Alapini, D., Gagnaire, J.-M., Authier, N., Cuny, D., & Vennat, B. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3973 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emerging information standards and technologies: cataloging and metadata professionals’ perspectives
Park, J. R., & Tosaka, Y. (2017) · Library Hi Tech News · doi:10.1108/lhtn-12-2016-0059 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sexual Harassment in Radiology
Camargo, A., Liu, L., & Yousem, D. M. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.02.054 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internet Use and Problematic Use in Seniors: A Comparative Study in Switzerland and Poland
Rochat, L., Wiłkość-Dębczyńska, M., Zając-Lamparska, L., Rothen, S., Andryszak, P., Gaspoz, J., Colombo, L., Khazaal, Y., & Achab, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.609190 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Ensemble Model for Predicting Retail Banking Churn in the Youth Segment of Customers
Bharathi, S. V., Pramod, D., & Raman, R. (2022) · Data · doi:10.3390/data7050061 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
for ARChiVe Investigators Network within the PedVas initiative, Westwell-Roper, C. Y., Lubieniecka, J. M., Brown, K. L., Morishita, K. A., Mammen, C., Wagner‐Weiner, L., Yen, E. Y., Li, S. C., O’Neil, K. M., et al. (2017) · Pediatric Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/s12969-017-0191-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Public opinions on seven different stray cat population management scenarios in Flanders, Belgium
Ruyver, C. D., Abatih, E., Villa, P. D., Peeters, E., Clements, J., Dufau, A., & Moons, C. P. H. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Enck, P., Leinert, J., Smid, M., Köhler, T., & Schwille‐Kiuntke, J. (2015) · Gastroenterology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2016/3186016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Can computer game landscapes target new audiences for landscape quality assessment?
Swetnam, R. D., & Korenko, J. (2019) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102102 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
HIGHER EDUCATION OUTREACH: EXAMINING KEY CHALLENGES FOR ACADEMICS
Johnson, M., Danvers, E. C., Hinton‐Smith, T., Atkinson, K., Bowden, G., Foster, J., Garner, K., Garrud, P., Greaves, S., Harris, P., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2019.1572101 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sommantico, M., Ramaglia, F., & Lacatena, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11121667 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Neylan, J., Biddlestone, M., Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-43885-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Casale, S., Musicò, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107043 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Monney, G., Nallet, A., Khan, R., ZULLINO, D. F., & Etter, J. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0002-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWalker, C., Doucette, M. B., Rotz, S., Lewis, D., Neufeld, H. T., & Castleden, H. E. (2021) · Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/qrom-04-2020-1916 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bushuven, S., Dettenkofer, M., Sippel, S., Koenig, S., Bushuven, S., & Schneider‐Brachert, W. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239444 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Camp not Taken: Analysis of Preferences and Barriers Among Frequent, Occasional and Noncampers
Ram, Y., & Hall, C. M. (2020) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1731885 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Whelan, G., & Brown, J. (2021) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.06.014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Trifunovic-Koenig, M., Bushuven, S., Gerber, B., Otto, B., Dettenkofer, M., Salm, F., & Fischer, M. R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095763 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Design and validation of precooked developer dashboards
Ivanov, V. V., Pischulin, V., Rogers, A., Succi, G., Yi, J., & Zorin, V. (2018) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3236024.3275530 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Su, W., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10784 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Contribution of sexual desire and motives to the compulsive use of cybersex
Brahim, F. B., Rothen, S., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., Courtois, R., & Khazaal, Y. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.47 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHildebrand, J., Burns, S. K., Zhao, Y., Lobo, R. C., Howat, P. A., ALLSOP, S. J., & Maycock, B. R. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4762 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ludic Ethics: The Ethical Negotiations of Players in Online Multiplayer Games
Sparrow, L. A., Gibbs, M., & Arnold, M. (2020) · Games and Culture · doi:10.1177/1555412020971534 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Systematic Review Exploring the Effectiveness of Body Image Interventions Among Boys
Ahuja, L., Schneider, J., Budhraja, M., Diedrichs, P. C., & Williamson, H. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00246-y · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ludy, M., Crum, A., Young, C. A., Morgan, A. L., & Tucker, R. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030362 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Editorial: Computers and Games for Mental Health and Well-Being
Khazaal, Y., Favrod, J., Sort, A., Borgeat, F., & Bouchard, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00141 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPerspectives on valuing water quality improvements using stated preference methods
Bateman, I. J., Keeler, B., Olmstead, S. M., & Whitehead, J. C. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2217456120 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Defining a “Good Death”: Exploring Veterinarians’ Perceptions of Companion Animal Euthanasia
Kogan, L. R., & Cooney, K. A. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132117 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Deconstructing who you play: Character choice in online gaming
Hodges, D., & Buckley, O. E. (2018) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2018.06.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Patter, L. E. V., Flockhart, T., Coe, J. B., Berke, O., Goller, R., Hovorka, A. J., & Bateman, S. W. (2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hendricks, E., Jenkinson, E., Falconer, L., & Griffiths, C. (2023) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.08.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Comparing responses from a paper-based survey with a web-based survey in environmental criminology
Ceccato, V. A., Gliori, G., Näsman, P., & Sundling, C. (2024) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-024-00204-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Online dating: predictors of problematic tinder use
Cruz, G. V., Aboujaoude, E. N., Rochat, L., Bianchi‐Demicheli, F., & Khazaal, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01566-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPfoertsch, W., & Sulaj, K. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Networking, Telecommunications & Engineering Sciences Applications (CoNTESA) · doi:10.1109/contesa61248.2023.10384979 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Using Social Media While Waiting in Pain: A Clinical 12-Week Longitudinal Pilot Study
Merolli, M., Gray, K. M., Martin-Sanchez, F. J., Mantopoulos, S., & Hogg, M. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4621 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Personality biases in different types of 'internet samples' can influence research outcomes
Buchanan, T. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pandey, S., Bohl, A., Favari, V., Mora, P., Phuyal, S., Sojková, E., Budhathoki, M., & Thomsen, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1371634 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shibli, H., Feder‐Bubis, P., Daoud, N., & Aharonson‐Daniel, L. (2025) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-025-02398-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Veziari, Y., Kumar, S., & Leach, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264221 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Veziari, Y., Kumar, S., & Leach, M. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102752 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Protocol for the Mason: Health Starts Here prospective cohort study of young adult college students
Cuellar, A. E., Adams, L. M., de Jonge, L., Espina, V. A., Espinoza, L., Fischer, S. F., Frankenfeld, C. L., Hines, D. A., Kornienko, O., Lawrence, H. Y., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10969-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fretz, K. M., Hunker, K. E., & Tripp, D. A. (2024) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izad106 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kibuchi, E., Sturgis, P., Durrant, G., & Maslovskaya, O. (2024) · Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology · doi:10.1093/jssam/smae017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Khazaal, Y., van Singer, M., Chatton, A., Achab, S., Zullino, D., Rothen, S., Khan, R., Billieux, J., & Thorens, G.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Khazaal, Yasser
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Internet Research
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2014-07-07
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e164
- ISSN
- 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4115258
- OpenAlex
- W2081232991
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 53.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing
- Keywords
- self-selection bias, sample representativeness, online surveys, online game players, avatars, World of Warcraft, selection bias, random sampling, guild membership, online games
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Computer Simulation, Data Collection, Humans, Male, Video Games, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
