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Cited by 49Mobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsICT in Developing CommunitiesMobile Learning in Education

Development of a Culturally Tailored Text Message Maternal Health Program: TextMATCH

Open access
Dobson, Rosie, Whittaker, Robyn, Bartley, Hannah, Connor, Augusta, Chen, Ruyan, Ross, Mairead, McCool, Judith·2017·JMIR mHealth and uHealth
DOI 10.2196/mhealth.7205PMC PMC5418521
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Mobile phones are increasingly being used to deliver health information and health services globally. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions may be well-suited for minority groups with greater barriers to accessing traditional health services. However, little has been written about the process of culturally adapting interventions for multiple ethnic and cultural minorities within a population. OBJECTIVE: This study describes the process of developing a culturally tailored text message-based maternal health program (TextMATCH: Text for MATernal and Child Health) for Māori, Pacific, Asian, and South Asian families living in New Zealand. We report on engagement and acceptability of the TextMATCH program. METHODS: Program data was examined to describe engagement with the program 18 months after implementation. Telephone interviews were conducted with a sample of participants who consented to provide feedback on acceptability and relevance of the program. RESULTS: A total of 1404 participants enrolled in TextMATCH over 18 months, with 18.52% (260) actively opting out at some point (after 0 to 17 months of messages). It was found that 356 (70.9%) of the 502 eligible participants actively switched from the initial pregnancy program to the baby program after delivery. Phone interviews were conducted with 29 participants including 6 who had withdrawn (duration of program from 3 to 16 months). Only 2 participants reported that the program was not useful, with the remainder rating the usefulness of messages positively (average 4.24 out of 5). All participants stated that the messages were relevant, culturally appropriate, and easy to understand. Most were happy with the specific advice and the language options provided. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated the importance of an intensive approach to the development of a culturally adapted and tailored mHealth program for multiple different cultural minority groups within our population.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

TextMATCH is a culturally tailored SMS maternal health program developed for Māori, Pacific, Asian, and South Asian families in New Zealand, with 16 versions across 5 languages. At 18 months, 1404 participants enrolled, 18.52% opted out, and interviewed participants rated usefulness at 4.24/5 with high reported cultural appropriateness and relevance.

Key findings

  • Over 18 months, 1404 individuals enrolled and over 98,000 messages were sent; 260 (18.52%) actively opted out by texting “STOP,” after an average of 3.84 months (SD 3.10; range 0–17). Discontinuation varied by cultural version: Asian 14.1%, South Asian 15.9%, Pacific 19.9%, Māori 29.2%.
  • Of 502 participants prompted to switch from pregnancy to baby messages, 356 (70.9%) completed the switch; this was 74.6% of mothers and 59.1% of other family members. Mothers made up 72.44% (1017) of enrollees.
  • In 29 phone interviews, 27 (93%) found messages useful, with mean usefulness 4.24/5 (SD 0.80; range 2–5); all 29 (100%) said messages were relevant, culturally appropriate, and easy to understand, and 27 (93%) found food practices/activities appropriate.
  • Perceived impacts included improved eating habits (18; 62%), exercise (15; 52%), knowledge/understanding (21; 72%), and feeling supported (28; 100%); all 29 (100%) would recommend the program.

Methods

  • Engagement data were extracted from the content management system on April 7, 2016, covering the first 18 months after TextMATCH went live in August 2014; descriptive statistics summarized enrollment, opt-out, and switching.
  • Acceptability interviews were conducted January–March 2016 with participants registered August 2014–August 2015 who had agreed to be contacted; exclusions included known miscarriage, due date during the study period, Japanese/Korean-only speakers, and withdrawal after <2 weeks of messages. Of 52 who agreed, 29 completed interviews in English or Chinese.
  • Development used an mHealth development/evaluation framework, 4 culture-specific focus groups, literature/guideline review, technical and expert review, cultural community group adaptation, and translation/back-translation into 16 versions and 5 languages.

Limitations

  • The paper states limitations including the small number interviewed, potential sampling bias among those who agreed to an interview, and unequal samples of cultural groups and interview categories.
  • The paper also states that Korean and Japanese versions had small user numbers and interviews could not be offered in those languages, so results cannot be generalized to those recipients; those who withdrew within 2 weeks were excluded and need further investigation.
  • Evident from the text: the study reports engagement and acceptability only, with no effectiveness or health-outcome evaluation, and the acceptability data are self-reported without a comparison group.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2196/mhealth.7205

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 61 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    All focus groups were positive about using technology to support people to eat well and exercise during pregnancy and the first 2 years of a baby's life.

    “All groups were positive about using technology to support people to eat well and exercise during pregnancy and the first 2 years of a baby’s life.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Women in the Pacific Island and Indian focus groups predominately felt that an SMS intervention would be best in English.

    “Women in the Pacific Island and Indian focus groups predominately felt that an SMS intervention would be best in English.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Most participants were happy with the specific advice and the language options provided.

    “Most were happy with the specific advice and the language options provided.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Consistent across the groups was a preference for New Zealand-based guidance and references, as there was concern that advice in internationally available apps may differ from that in New Zealand.

    “Consistent across the groups was a preference for New Zealand-based guidance and references, as there was concern that advice in internationally available apps may differ from that in New Zealand.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    356 (70.9%) of the 502 eligible participants actively switched from the initial pregnancy program to the baby program after delivery.

    “It was found that 356 (70.9%) of the 502 eligible participants actively switched from the initial pregnancy program to the baby program after delivery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 41
  • May combine two claims. 35

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Participants felt strongly that there was benefit to the messages being offered to partners or fathers and other family members, in addition to a pregnant woman or mother.

    “Participants felt strongly that there was benefit to the messages being offered to partners or fathers and other family members, in addition to a pregnant woman or mother.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other factors of importance for a mHealth program were being free, accessible on all types of mobile phones, and taking into consideration that phones are sometimes shared among family members.

    “Other factors of importance for a mHealth program were being free, accessible on all types of mobile phones, and taking into consideration that phones are sometimes shared among family members.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Consulted health care providers recommended adding Japanese and Te Reo Maori languages.

    “In addition, consulted health care providers recommended adding Japanese and Te Reo Maori languages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only 2 participants reported that the program was not useful, with the remainder rating the usefulness of messages positively (average 4.24 out of 5).

    “Only 2 participants reported that the program was not useful, with the remainder rating the usefulness of messages positively (average 4.24 out of 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Technology preferences differed, with some groups reporting a preference for mobile phone messaging apps (such as WeChat, WhatsApp), whereas others reported nonconsistent mobile phone ownership and a preference for text messaging (SMS) due to limited data access.

    “Technology preferences differed, with some groups reporting a preference for mobile phone messaging apps (such as WeChat, WhatsApp), whereas others reported nonconsistent mobile phone ownership and a preference for text messaging (short message service, SMS) due to limited data access.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Differences in terminology were identified, as well as culture-specific foods, practices, traditions, and activities, providing rationale for culturally adapted versions of the program.

    “Differences in terminology were identified, as well as culture-specific foods, practices, traditions, and activities, providing rationale for culturally adapted versions of the program.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Phone interviews were conducted with 29 participants including 6 who had withdrawn (duration of program from 3 to 16 months).

    “Phone interviews were conducted with 29 participants including 6 who had withdrawn (duration of program from 3 to 16 months).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All participants stated that the messages were relevant, culturally appropriate, and easy to understand.

    “All participants stated that the messages were relevant, culturally appropriate, and easy to understand.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Preferences for languages varied, with all groups recommending an English option and some Asian participants requesting Simplified Chinese and Korean.

    “Preferences for languages varied, with all groups recommending an English option and some Asian participants requesting Simplified Chinese and Korean.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the 6 who found messages irrelevant/inappropriate, 3 felt that some proportion of messages did not apply to their own pregnancy or child, but many also commented that they were happy to ignore these.

    “Of these, 3 felt that some proportion of messages did not apply to their own pregnancy or child, but many also commented that they were happy to ignore these.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants reported that the messages were reassuring, encouraging, and motivating.

    “Participants reported that the messages were also reassuring, encouraging, and motivating.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Reasons why food practices and activities were less relevant included that messages referring to meat were not relevant for vegetarians, and that messages referring to dairy products or to prepreparing and freezing meals were not relevant for many Chinese people.

    “Reasons why food practices and activities were less relevant to participants included that messages referring to meat were not relevant for vegetarians, and that messages referring to dairy products or to prepreparing and freezing meals were not relevant for many Chinese people.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four of these participants reported that they withdrew due to not finding the messages very useful or beneficial, one due to a technical issue, and one reported that they had only wanted the messages during pregnancy and so stopped once their baby was born.

    “Four of these participants reported that they withdrew due to not finding the messages very useful or beneficial, one due to a technical issue, and one reported that they had only wanted the messages during pregnancy and so stopped once their baby was born.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    One participant would have preferred the messages in Hindi, another in Samoan, and one was happy with her Māori cultural messages in the English language but would have preferred more phrases and words in the Te Reo language.

    “One participant would have preferred the messages in Hindi, another in Samoan, and one was happy with her Māori cultural messages in the English language but would have preferred more phrases and words in the Te Reo language.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All study participants reported finding the messages culturally appropriate and easy to understand (29; 100%).

    “In addition, all study participants reported finding the messages culturally appropriate and easy to understand (29; 100%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Only one respondent felt that these represented a significant proportion of the program, and said that this was because she had a complicated pregnancy and birth.

    “Only one respondent felt that these represented a significant proportion of the program, and said that this was because she had a complicated pregnancy and birth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Even though TextMATCH is offered to other family members, 72.44% (1017) of individuals enrolled were mothers-almost three times more than other family members.

    “Even though TextMATCH is offered to other family members, 72.44% (1017) of individuals enrolled were mothers—almost three times more than other family members.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Reasons for recommending included that it provides useful information and tips, uses a medium which is very accessible and unobtrusive, provides valuable reminders, and can benefit the whole family.

    “Reasons included that it provides useful information and tips, uses a medium which is very accessible and unobtrusive, provides valuable reminders, and can benefit the whole family.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All participants responded that the messages were relevant to them, with many commenting that some were more relevant than others (28; 97%).

    “All participants responded that the messages were relevant to them, with many commenting that some were more relevant than others (28; 97%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Some of those suggesting Pacific languages stated that this would be useful to improve their own Pacific language competency rather than assisting people who did not speak English.

    “Some of those suggesting Pacific languages stated that this would be useful to improve their own Pacific language competency rather than assisting people who did not speak English.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Two participants suggested having extra optional message streams for certain maternal health conditions (eg, hypertension or diabetes), areas of interest (eg, diet), or for multiple pregnancies (eg, twins).

    “Two participants suggested having extra optional message streams for certain maternal health conditions (eg, hypertension or diabetes), areas of interest (eg, diet), or for multiple pregnancies (eg, twins).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    We have described here an extensive process of developing an intervention with minority populations first.

    “We have described here an extensive process of developing an intervention with minority populations first.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Suggested languages for messages included Samoan (n=5), Hindi (n=5), Tongan (n=1), Niuean (n=1), and Spanish (n=1).

    “Suggested languages included Samoan (n=5), Hindi (n=5), Tongan (n=1), Niuean (n=1), and Spanish (n=1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Respondents mentioned that messages provided valuable support and encouragement and would be especially useful for first time and younger mothers.

    “Respondents also mentioned that messages provided valuable support and encouragement and would be especially useful for first time and younger mothers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Others thought that bidirectional messages to be able to ask about certain aspects of the program would be useful (n=5).

    “Others thought that bidirectional messages to be able to ask about certain aspects of the program would be useful (n=5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants provided positive feedback on the personalization of the messages; they enjoyed that the messages included greetings in languages other than English and having their names in the messages.

    “Participants provided positive feedback on the personalization of the messages; they enjoyed that the messages included greetings in languages other than English and having their names in the messages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All remarked that it was good for the partners to receive messages, as it put both parents "on the same page" with regard to pregnancy and child care, and many discussed message content.

    “All remarked that it was good for the partners to receive messages, as it put both parents “on the same page” with regard to pregnancy and child care, and many discussed message content.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Some participants felt that the program was ideally suited for first-time parents with less baseline knowledge.

    “Some participants felt that the program was ideally suited for first-time parents with less baseline knowledge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingreasoning

    There is no "majority" (pakeha /New Zealand European) version of TextMATCH.

    “There is no “majority” (pakeha /New Zealand European) version of TextMATCH.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among those prompted to switch, 74.6% of mothers and 59.1% of other family members fully completed the switch.

    “Of the 502 individuals who were sent text messages prompting them to switch from the pregnancy version of the program to the baby version, 356 (70.9%) fully completed the three text messages required to switch to the baby program—74.6% of mothers and 59.1% of other family members.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    A total of 20 participants provided suggestions for how the program could be improved.

    “A total of 20 participants provided suggestions for how the program could be improved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    This process has begun in collaboration with the community which cares for these families of minority cultural groups and which shares their culture.

    “This process has begun in collaboration with the community which cares for these families of minority cultural groups and which shares their culture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Discontinuation rates varied between the TextMATCH cultural versions; 14.1% of those registered for the Asian versions (#7-14) texted "STOP," 15.9% of those registered for South Asian versions (#15 and 16), 19.9% of those registered for Pacific versions (#5 and 6), and 29.2% of those registered for Māori versions (#1-4).

    “Discontinuation rates varied between the TextMATCH cultural versions; 14.1% of those registered for the Asian versions of the program (#7-14) texted “STOP,” 15.9% of those registered for South Asian versions (#15 and 16), 19.9% of those registered for Pacific versions (#5 and 6), and 29.2% of those registered for Māori versions (#1-4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cultural groups (Māori, Pacific, Asian, South Asian) are meaningful and distinct categories for tailoring TextMATCH.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    One reported that they had not realized that they had to text back to sign-up for the baby messages, and the other reported that things were hectic after the baby was born and so they forgot to switch.

    “One reported that they had not realized that they had to text back to sign-up for the baby messages, and the other reported that things were hectic after the baby was born and so they forgot to switch.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other suggestions included information about local events (n=1), the use of other social media like WeChat to enable photo or video messages (n=1), more emotional support for mothers (n=1), changes to the frequency or timing of messages (n=4), and better channels for users to recommend the program to others (n=1).

    “Other suggestions included information about local events (n=1), the use of other social media like WeChat to enable photo or video messages (n=1), more emotional support for mothers (n=1), changes to the frequency or timing of messages (n=4), and better channels for users to recommend the program to others (n=1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The percentage of participants enrolled in each of the 16 different versions of TextMATCH varied.

    “The percentage of participants enrolled in each of the 16 different versions of TextMATCH varied (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cultural groups (Māori, Pacific, Asian, South Asian) are meaningful and distinct categories for tailoring TextMATCH.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    mHealth has proven acceptable or effective in other, similar areas, or in feasibility studies.

    “(4) mHealth has proven acceptable or effective in other, similar areas, or in feasibility studies [2-8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [2] source

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    • cites [3] source

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    • cites [4] Arora, S, 2014, Ann Emerg Med source

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    • cites [5] Brian, R, 2014, Asian J Psychiatr source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    98.3% of respondents receiving the Spanish Text4baby messages found the content to be clear and understandable.

    “A survey assessed the linguistic appropriateness of the Spanish messages finding that 98.3% of respondents receiving the Spanish messages found the content to be clear and understandable [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] MartinezKmUekusaSCsusm20132017-02-03National survey of Text4baby participants http://www.csusm.edu/anthropology/docsandfiles/Text4baby.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is growing support for the use of mHealth, including text messaging, in the field of maternal health.

    “There is growing support for the use of mHealth, including text messaging, in the field of maternal health [19]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Cultural adaptation may reflect the nuances of language and cultural practices, so that health messages and services reflect their history, health beliefs and norms, social practices, and political and economic characteristics.

    “Cultural adaptation may reflect the nuances of language and cultural practices, so that health messages and services reflect their history, health beliefs and norms, social practices, and political and economic characteristics [10-14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

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    • cites [13] Bramley, D, 2005, N Z Med J

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    • cites [14] source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mobile phone use or use of specific capabilities like text messaging or voice calling are common within the group targeted.

    “(3) mobile phone use or use of specific capabilities like text messaging or voice calling are common within the group targeted”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [2] source

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    • cites [3] source

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    • cites [4] Arora, S, 2014, Ann Emerg Med source

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    • cites [5] Brian, R, 2014, Asian J Psychiatr source

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    • cites [6] source

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    • cites [7] source

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    • cites [8] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Parker et al detailed the translation, back translation, and intelligibility testing of English text messages from the US-based Text4baby intervention, translated into Russian.

    “In addition, Parker et al [20] detailed the translation, back translation, and intelligibility testing of English text messages from the US-based Text4baby intervention, translated into Russian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although these studies have shown the feasibility of cultural adaptation of text messaging programs in maternal health, more evaluation of such interventions is needed to determine their effectiveness.

    “Although these studies have shown the feasibility of cultural adaptation of text messaging programs in maternal health, more evaluation of such interventions is needed to determine their effectiveness [20].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    TextMATCH appears to be a rather simple program to the end-user, but is actually composed of 16 different versions.

    “This resulted in what appears to be a rather simple program to the end-user, but which is actually composed of 16 different versions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 16 cultural/language versions of TextMATCH adequately match the cultural and language needs of the enrolled populations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action (MAMA) has conducted cultural adaptation of a generic set of MAMA text messages to create new versions including ChatSalud and Mom Connect.

    “Mobile Alliance for Maternal Action (MAMA) has conducted cultural adaptation of a generic set of MAMA text messages to create new versions including ChatSalud and Mom Connect [21,22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Mobile Alliance for Maternal ActionCommunity Spotlight: Chatsalud2014Nicaraguahttp://www.mhealthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/Spotlight-Chatsalud.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Mobile Alliance for Maternal ActionReimagining mobile in South Africa: Lessons from one year2014http://www.mhealthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/Reimagining%20Mobile%20in%20South%20Africa.%20Lessons%20from%20Year%20One.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The overall numbers of people using the Korean or Japanese versions of the program at the time of interviewing were not large and interviews could not be offered in these languages, meaning the results cannot be generalized to those receiving TextMATCH messages in those languages.

    “The overall numbers of people using the Korean or Japanese versions of the program at the time of interviewing were not large and interviews could not be offered in these languages, meaning the results cannot be generalized to those receiving TextMATCH messages in those languages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A total of 29 interviews were completed.

    “A total of 29 interviews were completed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Feedback from recipients as well as changes in evidence and guidelines mean changes to the content of programs such as TextMATCH need to be made from time to time.

    “Feedback from recipients as well as changes in evidence and guidelines mean changes to the content of programs such as TextMATCH need to be made from time to time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Engagement statistics and feedback from participant interviews have indicated that there is value in the process of developing TextMATCH with cultural, family, and language versions, with positive responses to the personalization and relevance of the culturally tailored messages.

    “The engagement statistics and feedback from participant interviews have indicated that there is value in this process, with positive responses to the personalization and relevance of the culturally tailored messages.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive participant feedback (usefulness, relevance, cultural appropriateness) and engagement statistics are valid indicators that the TextMATCH program has value.
    • Rests on an assumption: The 16 cultural/language versions of TextMATCH adequately match the cultural and language needs of the enrolled populations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Pacific have particularly high rates of childhood obesity (27%).

    “These are minority groups with particularly high rates of childhood obesity (Māori 19% and Pacific 27%) [23]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ministry of Health2013New Zealand health survey: annual update of key findings 2012/13http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/new-zealand-health-survey-annual-update-2012-13-dec13-v3.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Other benefits of TextMATCH include the feelings of support reported by all participants, and the inclusion of other family members receiving the messages.

    “Other benefits of our program include the feelings of support reported by all participants, and the inclusion of other family members receiving the messages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Positive participant feedback (usefulness, relevance, cultural appropriateness) and engagement statistics are valid indicators that the TextMATCH program has value.
    • Rests on an assumption: Self-reported impacts (improved eating, exercise, knowledge, feeling supported) reflect actual changes or benefits.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A total of 52 people agreed to be contacted for an interview.

    “A total of 52 people agreed to be contacted for an interview.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To ensure participants with a range of experiences with the program were interviewed, potential participants were split into four categories.

    “To ensure participants with a range of experiences with the program were interviewed, potential participants were split into four categories:”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of the 52 who agreed, 5 declined to participate, 1 was unable to provide consent, and 17 were unable to be contacted.

    “Of these, 5 declined to participate, 1 was unable to provide consent, and 17 were unable to be contacted.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Nicaragua, ChatSalud delivered sexual and reproductive health-oriented information to reduce teen pregnancy and the infant and maternal mortality associated with it.

    “In Nicaragua, ChatSalud delivered sexual and reproductive health-oriented information to reduce teen pregnancy and the infant and maternal mortality associated with it [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Mobile Alliance for Maternal ActionCommunity Spotlight: Chatsalud2014Nicaraguahttp://www.mhealthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/Spotlight-Chatsalud.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The process of developing TextMATCH with specific cultural, family, and language versions was extensive and resource-intensive.

    “The process of developing TextMATCH with specific cultural, family, and language versions was extensive and resource-intensive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 16 cultural/language versions of TextMATCH adequately match the cultural and language needs of the enrolled populations.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This is not simply about translating programs that have been developed for the majority.

    “This is not simply about translating programs that have been developed for the majority.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    mHealth can also link people to existing community programs for appropriate in-person support.

    “It can also link people to existing community programs for appropriate in-person support.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    11% of children aged 2-14 years in New Zealand are reported to be obese.

    “targeting the increasing rates of childhood obesity (11% of children aged 2-14 years in New Zealand are reported to be obese) [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ministry of Health2013New Zealand health survey: annual update of key findings 2012/13http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/new-zealand-health-survey-annual-update-2012-13-dec13-v3.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although the program appears to be well-received and perceived to be of benefit, evaluation of its effectiveness has yet to be undertaken and will be necessary to understand if it is impacting on health outcomes.

    “Although the program appears to be well-received and perceived to be of benefit, evaluation of its effectiveness has yet to be undertaken and will be necessary to understand if it is impacting on health outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In South Africa, Mom Connect text messages collected data from the mother during pregnancy and the first year of the child's life, and delivered age- and stage-specific messages to inform and support pregnant women and mothers.

    “In South Africa, Mom Connect text messages collected data from the mother during pregnancy and the first year of the child’s life, and delivered age- and stage-specific messages to inform and support pregnant women and mothers [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Mobile Alliance for Maternal ActionReimagining mobile in South Africa: Lessons from one year2014http://www.mhealthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/Reimagining%20Mobile%20in%20South%20Africa.%20Lessons%20from%20Year%20One.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Of those who participated, 12 (41%) had received TextMATCH for 6 months or longer, 9 (31%) had received TextMATCH for 3-6 months, 6 (21%) had withdrawn from TextMATCH by texting "STOP," and 2 (7%) had not switched from pregnancy to baby messages.

    “Of those who participated, 12 (41%) had received TextMATCH for 6 months or longer, 9 (31%) had received TextMATCH for 3-6 months, 6 (21%) had withdrawn from TextMATCH by texting “STOP,” and 2 (7%) had not switched from pregnancy to baby messages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All study documents and procedures were approved by the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee (15/CEN/210).

    “All study documents and procedures were approved by the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee (15/CEN/210).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    It is important that these findings be interpreted in light of the limitations including the small number of participants interviewed, potential sampling bias in those who agreed to an interview, and unequal samples of cultural groups and interview categories.

    “It is important that these findings be interpreted in light of the limitations including the small number of participants interviewed, potential sampling bias in those who agreed to an interview, and unequal samples of cultural groups and interview categories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Māori have particularly high rates of childhood obesity (19%).

    “These are minority groups with particularly high rates of childhood obesity (Māori 19% and Pacific 27%) [23]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Ministry of Health2013New Zealand health survey: annual update of key findings 2012/13http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/new-zealand-health-survey-annual-update-2012-13-dec13-v3.pdf

      Not checked in the free run.

65 of 65

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a paucity of evidence to support the effectiveness and desirability of cultural adaptation practices in mHealth.

    “However, there is a paucity of evidence to support the effectiveness and desirability of cultural adaptation practices in mHealth.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A common factor is the lack of investigation of the cultural appropriateness of messages specifically.

    “A common factor is the lack of investigation of the cultural appropriateness of messages specifically.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Targeting interventions to families is vital in addressing increasing obesity rates.

    “Targeting interventions to families is seen as vital in addressing increasing obesity rates.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Commencing in pregnancy, maternal and child nutrition and physical activity influence physiology in ways that contribute to disease risk and lay the path for lifelong health.

    “Commencing in pregnancy, maternal and child nutrition and physical activity influence physiology in ways that contribute to disease risk and lay the path for lifelong health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Due to the high use of mobile phones and the low cost of delivery, this mode of communication appears as an ideal platform for the delivery of health interventions.

    “Due to the high use of mobile phones and the low cost of delivery, this mode of communication appears as an ideal platform for the delivery of health interventions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    mHealth interventions are often designed as a means to reach underserved groups like ethnic or cultural minorities.

    “mHealth interventions are often designed as a means to reach underserved groups like ethnic or cultural minorities.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little has been written about the process of culturally adapting interventions for multiple ethnic and cultural minorities within a population.

    “However, little has been written about the process of culturally adapting interventions for multiple ethnic and cultural minorities within a population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    mHealth interventions may be well-suited for minority groups with greater barriers to accessing traditional health services.

    “Mobile health (mHealth) interventions may be well-suited for minority groups with greater barriers to accessing traditional health services.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Māori, Pacific, Asian, and South Asian families have particular needs arising from being new migrants who may not be well-connected to, or have experience with, the New Zealand health system.

    “or with particular needs arising from being new migrants who may not be well-connected to, or have experience with, the New Zealand health system.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Positive participant feedback (usefulness, relevance, cultural appropriateness) and engagement statistics are valid indicators that the TextMATCH program has value.

    “The engagement statistics and feedback from participant interviews have indicated that there is value in this process, with positive responses to the personalization and relevance of the culturally tailored messages.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 16 cultural/language versions of TextMATCH adequately match the cultural and language needs of the enrolled populations.

    “The process of developing TextMATCH with specific cultural, family, and language versions was extensive and resource-intensive.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Self-reported impacts (improved eating, exercise, knowledge, feeling supported) reflect actual changes or benefits.

    “Over 50% of participants reported that the program had improved both their eating habits (18; 62%) and exercise (15; 52%).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cultural groups (Māori, Pacific, Asian, South Asian) are meaningful and distinct categories for tailoring TextMATCH.

    “The percentage of participants enrolled in each of the 16 different versions of TextMATCH varied (Table 3).”
13 of 13

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Count of participants finding food practices appropriate is one too high

    Minor

    Of 29 interview participants, all but three would be 26, not the reported 27. The reported 93% matches 27 of 29, so either the count of exceptions or the count finding the practices appropriate is wrong.

    Reported 27 · recomputed 26

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Bramley, D, 2005, N Z Med J, 118, U1494

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Dobson, R., Whittaker, R., Bartley, H., Connor, A., Chen, R., Ross, M., & McCool, J.
Affiliations
University of Auckland (NZ)
Corresponding author
Dobson, Rosie
ORCID
Venue
JMIR mHealth and uHealth
Publisher
JMIR Publications Inc.
Published
2017-04-20
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
e49
ISSN
2291-5222 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2196/mhealth.7205
PMC
PMC5418521
OpenAlex
W2607000247
Semantic Scholar
b98f4a73f8dba79049016b5e20546c883acc89ca
Cited by
49
References
20
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1
FWCI
9.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • JMIR mhealth and uhealth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › ICT in Developing Communities
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Mobile Learning in Education
Keywords
mobile health, text messaging, maternal health, culturally tailored interventions, intervention adaptation, Māori, Pacific Islanders, New Zealand, program engagement, acceptability

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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