The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 63 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Disputas por tagua y minas: recursos naturales y propiedad territorial en el Pacífico colombiano, 1870-1930
Open accessAbstract
En el Pacífico colombiano no hubo fuertes disputas por la tierra en las últimas décadas del siglo diecinueve y las primeras del veinte, como sucedió en otras partes de Colombia, pero sí hubo conflictos territoriales. Estos estuvieron centrados en el acceso a recursos naturales considerados valiosos: semillas de palma de tagua, oro y platino. Al estudiar estos conflictos este artículo ayuda a comprender por qué la mayoría de la región mantuvo su carácter de baldío de la nación en momentos en que se aceleró la titulación de tierra en otras partes del país. Así, contribuye a entender la particular historia del Pacífico colombiano, que generó las condiciones que favorecieron la titulación colectiva a comunidades negras que estipula la Constitución política de 1991.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In the Colombian Pacific between 1870 and 1930, territorial disputes centered on access to tagua, gold, and platinum rather than on land ownership, so most of the region remained untitled state land. This resource-centered history helps explain why collective black territorial titling became possible after Colombia’s 1991 Constitution.
Key findings
- Conflicts were over natural resources, not land: tagua collectors fought to keep forests as *baldíos* to preserve communal access, while mining titles affected the subsoil rather than surface property.
- Mining speculation was extensive but often unproductive: in Chocó between 1909 and 1914 there were 2,148 mining requests yielding 866 titles; by 1920 the intendente said more than half the territory had been titled to mining companies, yet 90% of mines were not being exploited. Henry Granger held 113 mining properties by 1906; Benjamin S. Pray obtained titles to 46 mines between 1888 and 1904.
- Tagua monopolies mostly failed: an 1878 request for 60 hectares on the Caunapí was denied; an 1889 attempt to claim about 5,000 hectares of tagua-rich land in Cajapí provoked protests; the 1910 Valle River concession was canceled after local and regional pressure and threats of migration.
- In intensive mining zones, foreign companies gained strong local control but locals retained partial mining: the Timbiquí company owned about 250 km² with around 2,000 residents, and after companies left, Condoto and Timbiquí were titled as collective territories after 1993.
Methods
- Historical archival study of the Colombian Pacific, focused on black settlement, tagua extraction, and mining speculation from roughly 1870 to 1930.
- Sources include Archivo General de la Nación funds (Baldíos, Ministerio de Gobierno, Ministerio de Minas), Archivo de la Gobernación del Cauca, notary books from Quibdó, Timbiquí, and Guapi, newspapers, government reports, and foreign consular records.
- Qualitative analysis of disputes, legislation, concessions, and comparison with Catherine LeGrand’s land-colonization thesis for other parts of Colombia.
Limitations
- The author states that a complete explanation would require examining the following sixty years after 1930.
- Some archival records are incomplete: the Cajapí dispute’s outcome is not shown, and the author infers that an 1878 Caunapí request and an “Iscuandecito” document refer to the same land; motives are also inferred in some cases.
- Evident from the text: tagua conflicts were relatively scarce and did not cover all collection zones, and the analysis concentrates on two intensive mining areas, limiting generalization.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
93 No basis given · 60 Own interpretation · 25 Not checked yet · 22 Sources not found · 9 No full text of the sources · 3 Own result · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las disputas estuvieron relacionadas con los intentos por obtener títulos mineros y concesiones, más que por asegurar derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ello no implica la ausencia de conflictos territoriales: los hubo, pero se centraron en el acceso al oro, al platino y a las semillas de las palmas de tagua.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En la década de 1870 el puerto de Tumaco contaba con un grupo de exportadores de tagua que formaba el ápice de una pequeña élite blanca 9 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“estos señores buscaron probar que el terreno había sido entregado por el estado colonial -y posteriormente comprado por ellos-por medio de una dudosa copia del documento original de 1804.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“los intentos por apropiarse de minas fueron muchísimo más frecuentes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al ser dueña de diez kilómetros del lecho del río Condoto, la compañía consideraba que quienes practicaban la técnica del zambullidero, aprovechando la remoción de material que efectuaban las dragas, estaban cometiendo un robo.”
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En las últimas décadas del siglo diecinueve hubo por lo menos dos intentos de monopolizar el acceso a la tagua en los ríos cercanos a Tumaco.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El descontento que el poder de la Chocó Pacífico produjo entre la población local -incluidos los accionistas de La Lozana-estalló de manera violenta en 1926 por los intentos de parar los trabajos de la draga debido a los daños que estaba causando.”
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In the paper
“en los registros históricos no hay evidencia de ningún otro intento de proyecto agrícola destinado a surtir el mercado local por lo menos hasta 1930 (Leal, 2004)”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leal, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Es decir, el conflicto giró en torno al derecho de extraer este metal.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“En un sugestivo artículo sobre la relación entre geografía y violencia relativo a Urabá, Roldán se refiere a los conflictos generados por las concesiones forestales otorgadas en esta región.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Roldán, 1998
El texto del artículo (en nuestra copia, sección «Abstract», sin página indicada) menciona 24 contratos concedidos en la región de Turbo y describe conflictos por el acceso a la tierra y los recursos naturales en Urabá. También señala que madereras y aserríos comenzaban a monopolizar el uso de los bosques locales. En conjunto, esos pasajes respaldan la paráfrasis de que Roldán se refiere a conflictos relacionados con las concesiones forestales. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Los habitantes de las zonas mineras, por su parte, continuaron manejando técnicas heredadas de la época colonial, a las que añadieron algunas nuevas, como el método del socavón que llevaron los franceses al río Timbiquí (Friedemann, 1974).”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Friedemann, 1974 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
La INTRODUCCION (p. 5) afirma que los mineros del Güelmambí mantienen técnicas de trabajo aprendidas durante la colonia. Sin embargo, nuestra copia no menciona el método del socavón ni que los franceses lo llevaran al río Timbiquí; esa parte de la afirmación no queda respaldada. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Analiza una con cierto detalle en la cual sesenta y siete colonos de Chigorodó, zona rica en tagua, reclaman sus derechos.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Roldán, 1998Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
El pasaje sobre Chigorodó (sección «Abstract», sin página indicada) relata que sus habitantes reclamaron ante el gobierno porque tierras pretendidas por inversionistas privados llevaban más de 50 años pobladas por colonos; también cita una petición de 1927. Esto respalda el reclamo de los colonos, pero los pasajes disponibles no permiten verificar que fueran sesenta y siete, que la zona fuera rica en tagua ni que el caso descrito fuera una concesión. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allí, el proceso de poblamiento republicano comenzó temprano y en vez de implicar la migración de colonos de tierra fría laderas abajo se caracterizó por los desplazamientos de antiguos esclavos y sus descendientes que vivían en las zonas mineras de la región.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Inicialmente, la gran mayoría de los negros libres continuaron habitando las zonas mineras e incluso conviviendo con las cuadrillas de las que habían hecho parte 4 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gracias al poder que le otorgaba el monopolio, el general disminuyó el precio de compra de la tagua, lo cual generó descontento entre los escasos pobladores del área, muchos de los cuales decidieron emigrar a Panamá.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hubo varias disputas entre los especuladores mismos, que se oponían a que a sus competidores les fueran tituladas minas y entablaban pleitos sobre límites o sobre la posesión de una misma mina titulada dos veces con nombres diferentes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Allí las compañías sí lograron ejercer un fuerte dominio territorial que limitó los derechos de las comunidades locales, que sin embargo mantuvieron control de una parte importante de la explotación minera.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Con grandes esfuerzos, Pray logró traer dos dragas: la primera naufragó antes de llegar a la mina y la segunda sólo funcionó por un tiempo muy corto.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Además, aunque los franceses eran dueños tanto de las minas como de la tierra misma, en las partes de la cuenca donde no había oro las formas de propiedad consuetudinaria se mantuvieron.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“El título abarcaba casi toda la cuenca y, según la compañía y las mismas autoridades, cubría tanto los derechos sobre el suelo como sobre el subsuelo.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Los conflictos fueron mucho mayores en los ríos Condoto y Timbiquí, donde hubo explotación con nuevas tecnologías y donde se presentaron otras formas de especulación: venta de títulos coloniales y concesiones sobre lechos de ríos.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por más extensos que fueran los taguales, sólo cubrían una pequeña porción de la región.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Para explotar las demás minas tenían que solicitar permiso; si este era otorgado debían entregarle la mitad de lo producido a los franceses (West, 2000: 247;Tirado, 1974;Yacup, 1976: 148-149) 33 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites West, 2000: 247
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Tirado, 1974
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Yacup, 1976: 148-149
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“A pesar de que el Ministerio de Industrias terminó por limitar los derechos de mazamorreo al área fuera del alcance de las dragas, tal medida tuvo poco impacto en terreno 31 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En las zonas donde esta tecnología no podía operar, los mineros siguieron trabajando según sus costumbres, pero con la condición de venderle el oro a la compañía.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La reconocida familia Lozano de Condoto obtuvo en 1911 título de esta mina, pero al año siguiente la compañía había comprado más de la mitad de las acciones y para 1920 era dueña de 75% de ellas.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La compañía trató de impedir que los habitantes locales explotaran las minas por considerar que tal actividad era un robo, y además prohibió la compra de oro dentro de la cuenca.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“De una contienda jurídica se pasó a una batalla en terreno, que resultó en la muerte de un empleado y uno de los accionistas, el arresto del asesino que fue tratado como héroe, el envío de tropas, la suspensión temporal de los trabajos y la salida, también temporal, de los empleados extranjeros de la zona de Condoto (Cruz, 1921: 15, 39-40;Escalante, 1971: 100-102) 30 .”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Cruz, 1921: 15, 39-40
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Escalante, 1971: 100-102
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“En 1915 trajo una draga y apenas esta comenzó a operar Henry Granger demandó a la compañía, pues en la década de 1890 él había obtenido dos títulos que cubrían los últimos diez kilómetros del lecho del río, lo cual había sido ignorado por el gobierno al otorgar la concesión.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Algunos pocos recibieron permiso para trabajar las minas, pero debían vender el oro a la compañía y cumplir con su cuota de trabajo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Además, tras extraer los metales preciosos de estas áreas, las compañías eventualmente las abandonaron, dando pie al establecimiento de nuevos derechos territoriales.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sólo algunos dueños menores residentes en la región mantuvieron sus minas y se las arrendaron a negros libres.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En 1897 un grupo de recolectores de la vecina zona de Chilví escribieron al procurador general de la nación para solicitar que los defendiera ante Silverio Castillo, quien”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Su estrategia consistió en hacerse a un alto número de derechos mineros y confiar en que una de las minas en las que tenían intereses resultara elegida por los futuros inversionistas y, además, fuera muy productiva y por tanto rindiera copiosas ganancias.”
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In the paper
“En 1889, un juez local les dio posesión oficial de la propiedad, lo que generó airadas protestas y la intervención del Ministerio de Hacienda 10 .”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Los miembros de la élite regional, así como unos pocos extranjeros, buscaron obtener títulos de minas, acciones de compañías mineras e, incluso, concesiones mineras.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“La Chocó Pacífico adquirió numerosos derechos mineros y propiedades en el área del río San Juan -del cual es afluente el río Condoto-, incluyendo la mina La Lozana, que se extendía por varios kilómetros sobre ambos márgenes del río Condoto en su parte más baja.”
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este grupo no sólo inició un proceso masivo de apropiación de terrenos mineros, sino que a diferencia de la gran mayoría de los especuladores que les siguieron intentó poner a producir algunas de sus minas con monitores y dragas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Después de la abolición de la esclavitud en 1851, la mayoría de los dueños de minas, que vivían fuera de la región y estaban muy golpeados por las guerras de independencia y las tumultosas décadas que siguieron, abandonaron sus propiedades.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además, los enfrentamientos por el acceso a la tagua parecen haber sido más bien escasos y no abarcaron todas las zonas de recolección.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los colonos del sur vendían las semillas a los comerciantes del puerto de Tumaco, quienes las exportaban, y los de la costa norte a los compradores del caserío de El Valle, quienes las llevaban a Panamá para revenderlas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La New Timbiqui Gold Mines Ltd, una compañía británica con capital y personal francés, se formó en 1902 en reemplazo de su predecesora y comenzó a explotar la propiedad en 1907.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debido a que los títulos en cuestión eran mineros, por un lado, no tenían efecto sobre la propiedad de la tierra y, por otro, dejaban por fuera extensas áreas de la región ubicadas fuera de las zonas mineras (véase el mapa).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Desde su posición como socio mayoritario, la empresa entorpeció las prácticas mineras de los demás dueños, a las que ellos consideraban que tenían derecho, dando origen a las primeras disputas en torno a la mina.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El beneficiario de la concesión sobre el río Condoto transfirió, en 1912, su derecho a la Anglo Colombian Development Company, que durante dos años adelantó el trabajo de prospección más serio jamás realizado en la región 28 .”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A finales del siglo diecinueve los acaparadores trataron de obtener o validar títulos de propiedad sobre las áreas de taguales, mientras que después de 1907, cuando el gobierno reglamentó el uso de recursos naturales en los bosques nacionales, buscaron que se les otorgaran concesiones.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Los libros de la notaría de Timbiquí contienen amplia evidencia de que se siguieron comprando y vendiendo tanto terrenos agrícolas como propiedad urbana 34 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El estado intervino, por medio del Ministerio de Defensa, avalando los derechos de la New Timbiqui y estableciendo que los pobladores, considerados arrendatarios, debían trabajar un cierto número de días al mes para la compañía.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Las autoridades locales y regionales apoyaron a los colonos: acusaron al general de abusar de ellos, expresaron su preocupación por la migración de pobladores hacia el país vecino y recomendaron que se volviera a instaurar el libre acceso a los bosques del río Valle 16 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A finales del siglo los hombres más acomodados de la región y algunos extranjeros se convencieron de que la importación de nuevas tecnologías pronto reactivaría la minería.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por esta y otras razones los funcionarios de Bogotá decidieron negar el título 8 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ante la persistencia del conflicto, en 1914 el Ministerio de Obras Públicas resolvió el asunto al establecer que los habitantes de la cuenca tenían derecho a realizar trabajos mineros, tal como lo establecía el Código minero, pero sólo en las playas y los lechos de los ríos no ocupados por la compañía.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las comunidades que se establecieron en las inmediaciones de los taguales sembraron huertas y aprendieron el arte de la pesca, además de dedicarse a recoger las semillas de estas palmas, actividad que podían desarrollar durante todo el año.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Así, en 1906, con ciento trece propiedades mineras, se convirtió en el mayor especulador de minas del Chocó, honor que nadie logró arrebatarle 23 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“La empresa entonces era dueña de cerca de 250 kilómetros cuadrados, donde vivían alrededor de dos mil personas agrupadas en cuatro poblaciones y diseminadas a lo largo de las riberas del río Timbiquí.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero en su petición inicial no indicaron que el lugar escogido estaba en una zona reconocida por sus extensos taguales y que allí vivían cinco familias dedicadas justamente a la recolección de estas semillas.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El gobierno modernizador de Rafael Reyes (1904-1909) prohibió la libre explotación de bosques nacionales, incluyó en la definición”
- Also stated in: § DiSputaS por el Control · plain
“de tales bosques a aquellos que contenían tagua y estableció que estos terrenos no podrían ser adjudicados como baldíos 14 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DiSputaS por el Control · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La recolección de semillas de tagua, por el contrario, se prolongó por lo menos setenta años, pues, además de ser una actividad sostenible, su demanda se mantuvo hasta la segunda guerra mundial.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A mediados del siglo diecinueve, gracias a la demanda internacional de caucho y tagua, el oro dejó de ser el único producto exportado por el Pacífico colombiano, pero siguió siendo el más importante.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Funcionarios locales y regionales, periodistas y hasta curas levantaron sus voces de protesta contra estos abusos, mitigando sus efectos 26 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Esta no trabajó con monitores o dragas, sino que introdujo el uso de socavones en las terrazas más altas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“También explotó una mina con monitores, pero sólo por un mes 22 .”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pero la especulación afectó también el control de ciertas minas explotadas por comunidades locales con métodos tradicionales e incluso de terrenos agrícolas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Argumentaban que en Tumaco los alimentos básicos, como el plátano, eran muy costosos, porque todos los pobladores de los alrededores se dedicaban a recoger tagua.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el Chocó la especulación alcanzó su punto más alto entre 1909 y 1914, cuando hubo 2.148 solicitudes, que dieron origen a 866 títulos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A finales del siglo dieciocho los placeres auríferos que habían comenzado a explotarse un siglo atrás mostraban signos de agotamiento y con las tecnologías tradicionales resultaba imposible reactivarlos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ni la legislación sobre baldíos que intentó beneficiar a los colonos al reconocer la ocupación y el trabajo como base de la propiedad privada, ni la legislación sobre bosques nacionales, que impidió que estos territorios fueran titulados, reconocieron el derecho de usufructo colectivo de los recursos forestales.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El auge especulativo comenzó en el Chocó y tuvo como protagonistas a dos estadounidenses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Entre los mayores especuladores estaba Félix Meluk, el principal comerciante de Quidbó, la capital chocoana, quien logró hacerse a más de cien minas por medio de varias compañías que él mismo fundó.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los recolectores trabajaban parte de su tiempo produciendo comida por medio de la agricultura y la pesca, y obtenían del bosque materiales para construcción y la elaboración de diversos objetos, es decir, no dependían únicamente de los ingresos de la venta de tagua.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“En el siglo veinte la especulación de minas se extendió más allá del Chocó e involucró no sólo a extranjeros sino también a residentes locales, entre quienes se destacan comerciantes y algunas autoridades regionales.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Su análisis deja de lado las particularidades de la población de la costa Pacífica, donde el porcentaje de población negra era más alto que en cualquier otra parte del Cauca.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además, las compañías extranjeras eventualmente abandonaron la región después de extraer los metales que les interesaban.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Combinaron la recolección de semillas con la pesca, la cacería, la agricultura y de ese modo manipularon su entorno y lo llenaron de significado (Losonczy, 2006: 123-169;Restrepo, 1996).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Losonczy, 2006: 123-169 source
- Not matchedcites Restrepo, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aunque en términos generales los pobladores locales no tuvieron derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra, ni tampoco sobre los bosques o las minas, sí ejercieron control sobre el territorio por medio de sus diversos sistemas productivos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además, buena parte de esos títulos caducaron sin que las minas en cuestión fueran puestas a producir.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fue durante el periodo tratado aquí que los primeros bosques del Pacífico adquirieron carácter de bosques nacionales y como tales se tornó imposible titularlos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mary Roldán y James Sanders presentan ejemplos de esta confusión asociados a uno de los recursos analizados aquí: la tagua.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“De hecho, tanto la cuenca del río Condoto como la del río Timbiquí fueron tituladas como territorios colectivos después de 1993 35 .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Esta forma de ver los recursos del bosque alcanzó su mayor expresión con la ley 2a de 1959, que creó siete reservas forestales, entre ellas la del Pacífico, que cubría 11'140.000hectáreas (Pombo, 1991: 135-137).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pombo, 1991: 135-137
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Los esclavos que trabajaron las minas del Pacífico colombiano produjeron la mayor parte del oro exportado por la Nueva Granada durante el siglo dieciocho.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Los empresarios estaban mucho mejor equipados para realizar los trámites legales y sufragar los costos asociados con la titulación de tierras, de modo que lograron hacerse a grandes propiedades.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LeGrand, 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“LeGrand analiza cómo este proceso estuvo mediado por enfrentamientos entre colonos pobres y empresarios.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LeGrand, 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Durante el siglo diecisiete la producción de oro de la Nueva Granada declinó, pero hacia finales del mismo comenzó a recuperarse gracias a que la conquista tardía del Pacífico permitió la explotación de las minas de aluvión ubicadas en las partes altas de los ríos que drenan la cordillera occidental de los Andes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“desde sus inicios la minería en esta región dependió del trabajo de esclavos negros, quienes vivían en campamentos itinerantes llamados reales de minas y trabajaban en grupos -denominados cuadrillas-que por lo general no tenían más de treinta miembros (Sharp, 1976;Colmenares, 1979;Romero, 1995;Cantor, 2000;Jiménez, 2004).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sharp, 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Colmenares, 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Romero, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aunque desde el siglo dieciséis la Nueva Granada fue la región del nuevo mundo que más oro le reportó a la metrópoli, el valor de las exportaciones de dicho metal fue pírrico en comparación con las exportaciones de plata de la Nueva España y del virreinato del Perú (Bakewell, 1990;McFarlane, 1997: 118).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Bakewell, 1990
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McFarlane, 1997: 118 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“la historiadora Catherine LeGrand explica que la colonización de tierras baldías generó luchas por la tierra que definieron la inequitativa estructura agraria del país.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LeGrand, 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“El proceso colonizador se caracterizó por la migración de habitantes de las montañas hacia las zonas bajas y cálidas, donde se hallaban o se podía cultivar nuevos productos de exportación.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites LeGrand, 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Aun cuando la minería siguió siendo su ocupación principal, pasaron a dedicar más tiempo a actividades de subsistencia como la agricultura, y algunos incursionaron en nuevos oficios como la boga y la elaboración de alcoholes (Sharp, 1976: 151-153;Romero, 1995: 87-114;Jiménez, 2004: 129-130).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sharp, 1976: 151-153
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Romero, 1995: 87-114
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Jiménez, 2004: 129-130
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estas expectativas de inusitadas riquezas respondían a la disminución de la productividad de las minas y a los avances tecnológicos desarrollados en otras latitudes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“la legislación de bosques no generó protestas por impedir que los colonos legalizaran sus predios, sino por la violación del libre acceso a los bosques.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Para mantener la propiedad sobre las minas sus dueños debían pagar un pequeño impuesto anual, pero no tenían ninguna obligación de explotarlas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las posibilidades de que una compañía extranjera se interesara por una cierta mina y que ella resultara rentable, o que la tecnología importada funcionara en una región carente de repuestos y de personal con conocimientos técnicos, era mínima.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“En el Pacífico fueron pocos los casos en que dicha especulación fue exitosa, porque dependía de la puesta en marcha de tecnologías novedosas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La compra de acciones permitió que más individuos participaran en la ola especulativa y que cada uno de ellos accediera a derechos en un mayor número de minas, aumentando sus posibilidades de obtener alguna ganancia en el futuro.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dado que entre 1904 y 1906, a causa de la separación de Panamá, el estado prohibió adjudicar propiedades a extranjeros en el Chocó”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La especulación minera en el Pacífico colombiano de finales del siglo diecinueve y principios del veinte puede compararse con la especulación de tierras de la que habla LeGrand para otras partes del país; pero sus resultados son muy disímiles.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Al dejar la recolección de tagua en manos de los moradores de los bosques, los comerciantes evitaban incurrir en gastos de derechos de recolección, salarios o supervisión laboral, y lograban así permanecer en el negocio 19 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estos comerciantes constituían el principal grupo de poder local, que al parecer movió sus influencias para evitar la privatización del recurso del cual dependía su posición.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“La titulación de minas implicaba un trámite que podía ser largo, pero sencillo y poco costoso.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El éxito de las luchas de los recolectores de tagua les permitió mantener el control sobre su territorio y con él su independencia.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ello permitía, como sucede con tantas economías campesinas, que el precio que recibían por su producto comercial no cubriera el costo total de su reproducción.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“En la segunda mitad del siglo diecinueve, fábricas italianas y alemanas las emplearon para hacer botones.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Acosta, 1944
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Barford, 1989: 181-190
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Además de garantizar el funcionamiento de esta economía, el acceso de los recolectores a los bosques les permitió ejercer control sobre sus procesos de trabajo y mantener el dominio sobre su territorio.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por el contrario, avalaban la condición de baldíos de la nación de esos terrenos, pues esto equivalía a respaldar el derecho consuetudinario a recolectar tagua.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“el acaparamiento de derechos mineros no logró arrebatarle a los grupos negros el dominio de su territorio, salvo en unos pocos y significativos casos, pero tampoco les garantizó derechos de propiedad.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El primer caso involucra a Henry Granger y pone de manifiesto el carácter caótico de la administración de minas en Colombia.”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aun cuando la Chocó Pacífico eventualmente terminó de dragar la mina La Lozana, los enfrentamientos surgidos por el derecho de los pobladores a bucear y extraer mineral al lado de las dragas muestran que ellos mantuvieron cierto control de parte de la minería en la zona.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“El conflicto ocurrido en torno a la mina La Lozana ejemplifica este poder y la oposición que generó.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ante la incapacidad del estado colombiano de dirimir el conflicto surgido de esta superposición de derechos mineros, las partes negociaron y crearon la famosa Compañía Minera Chocó Pacífico, cuyo poder local no ha tenido paralelo en toda la región 29 .”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gracias a este nuevo sistema, los descendientes de esclavos adquirieron el control del proceso minero y así lograron dar mayor significado a su libertad: no se trató sólo de dejar la condición de esclavos, sino, además, de tener independencia en el manejo de su tiempo y de sus vidas 21 .”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ese mismo hecho de que la mayoría de las minas disminuyó los posibles conflictos causados por la especulación minera, pero no los eliminó del todo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“aunque lograron poner freno a estas pretensiones, ello no los convirtió en propietarios legales de sus áreas de trabajo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Después de la primera guerra mundial, Estados Unidos pasó a ser el principal fabricante, hasta que hacia 1940 el plástico reemplazó por completo a la tagua (Acosta, 1944;Barford, 1989: 181-190).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Acosta, 1944
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Barford, 1989: 181-190
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dado que la inmensa mayoría de las minas tituladas durante este periodo no fue explotada con tecnología moderna, sus dueños debieron haber dejado de pagar el impuesto anual y así perdieron sus derechos.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: La inmensa mayoría de las minas tituladas durante este periodo no fue explotada con tecnología moderna.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Por otra parte, la mayoría de los especuladores de minas debieron haber perdido eventualmente sus derechos mineros, cosa que no sucedió con los especuladores de tierras.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Sin embargo, la producción disminuyó notablemente; ya desde finales de las guerras de independencia la región había perdido su lugar como principal exportadora de oro del país (Ocampo, 1984: 347-348;Melo, 1989).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ocampo, 1984: 347-348
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Melo, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hacia 1870 los californianos inventaron los monitores: aparatos que producían enormes chorros de agua de alta presión, con los que las terrazas aluviales podían deshacerse rápidamente para así lavar sus arenas y recuperar el oro que ellas contenían (Greenland, 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Greenland, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este funcionario no abogó por el derecho de los colonos a ser dueños de tierras, sino por su derecho a recolectar tagua en terrenos de la nación.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Este estudio ayuda a comprender por qué en esta región no hubo gran titulación de tierras antes de 1930, mientras que en otras partes del país se titularon millones de hectáreas.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dejaron un terreno empobrecido, pero dieron pie a la adquisición de nuevos derechos.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vemos aquí que el Pacífico colombiano se incluye sin mayor reflexión dentro del análisis de realidades andinas.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“James Sanders cae en un error similar.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sólo no se trata de resina sino de tagua, sino que la confusión entre tierra y un recurso forestal impide a este autor diferenciar las dinámicas de los negros de la costa Pacífica de los de la parte andina del Cauca.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sin embargo, la tendencia a utilizar el término tierra para agrupar a todos los recursos naturales, tal como lo enseña la economía política clásica, puede dificultar la comprensión de algunos fenómenos.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Algo similar sucede en el libro de LeGrand: se habla de Colombia sin analizar las especificidades de regiones como el Pacífico.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Las ciencias sociales en América latina y en especial los estudios agrarios han puesto mucha atención a este recurso y a los conflictos que se han generado en torno suyo.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“El campo de la ecología política, que entre otros aspectos estudia los conflictos generados en torno a los recursos naturales, presenta elementos útiles para incluir en la historia a estas áreas marginales o de frontera, y a sus lógicas particulares (Leal, 2002;Offen, 2004;Neumann, 2005;Robbins, 2005).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leal, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Offen, 2004
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neumann, 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Así, en 1991, cuando se reunió la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, dichos manejos del territorio se redefinieron como prácticas tradicionales de producción y dieron origen al más fuerte argumento para considerar a las comunidades negras como grupo étnico (Restrepo, 2005).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Restrepo, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Equiparar tagua con tierra evita que esta autora comprenda cabalmente los conflictos regionales que son fundamentales en su argumento sobre la Violencia en Urabá.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
En las partes altas de los ríos que drenan la cordillera de los Andes los suelos contienen oro y platino.
“Pero en las partes altas de los ríos que drenan la cordillera de los Andes los suelos contienen oro y platino”
The paper relies on this without support.
Los bosques que cubren todo el litoral del Pacífico colombiano han proporcionado materiales demandados desde fuera de la región, como caucho, tagua, madera y palmitos.
“los bosques que cubren todo el litoral han proporcionado materiales demandados desde fuera de la región, tales como caucho, tagua, madera y palmitos.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Las prácticas tradicionales de producción de las comunidades negras son sostenibles.
“La idea de las prácticas tradicionales de producción descansa sobre el supuesto de que son sostenibles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
La inmensa mayoría de las minas tituladas durante este periodo no fue explotada con tecnología moderna.
“Dado que la inmensa mayoría de las minas tituladas durante este periodo no fue explotada con tecnología moderna, sus dueños debieron haber dejado de pagar el impuesto anual y así perdieron sus derechos.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Leal (2008, 432) explica que “aunque en términos generales los pobladores locales no tuvieron derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra, ni tampoco sobre los bosques o las minas, sí ejercieron control sobre el territorio por medio de sus diversos sistemas productivos”.”
From Autonomía, mecanización y guerra: la trama del oro en el pacífico colombiano (2019) · cites this paper as Leal (2008, 432)
In the citing paper
“Claudia Leal (2008) hace un recuento de cómo las disputas por la tagua y el oro fueron el objeto de una economía extractiva que determinó, en parte, la naturaleza de la propiedad de la tierra en las partes bajas de dicha región.”
From Autonomía, mecanización y guerra: la trama del oro en el pacífico colombiano (2019) · cites this paper as Leal (2008)
In the citing paper
“El trabajo en los taguales y en las minas de oro permitió a algunas poblaciones del Pacífico un grado de libertad frente a la avanzada de la titulación de tierras que se llevaba a cabo en otras regiones del país entre 1870 y 1930, a diferencia de lo que sucedía en estos territorios considerados “baldíos”.”
From Autonomía, mecanización y guerra: la trama del oro en el pacífico colombiano (2019) · cites this paper as Leal (2008)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ DiSputaS por el Control
“Brisson, 1889: 101-129”
§ References
“BriSSon, jorGe. 1899. Viajes por Colombia en los años de 1891 a 1897. Imprenta Nacional. Bogotá.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ References
“El Montaraz, Barbacoas, 1978.”
§ DiSputaS por el Control
“El Montaraz.Barbacoas. 1 de mayo 1878, 20 de julio de 1878;”
Citations
Cites
Political ecology: a critical introduction
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-5341 · Cited by 2,240
Contentious republicans: popular politics, race, and class in nineteenth-century Colombia
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-2977 · Cited by 123
A monographic study of the subfamily Phytelephantoideae (Arecaceae).
Barfod, A. S. (1991) · Cited by 56
Losonczy, A.-M. (2006) · doi:10.4000/books.ifea.4695 · Cited by 38
“Citizens of a Free People”: Popular Liberalism and Race in Nineteenth-Century Southwestern Colombia
Sanders, J. E. (2004) · Hispanic American Historical Review · doi:10.1215/00182168-84-2-277 · Cited by 34
Comunidades negras en el pacífico colombiano: innovaciones y dinámicas étnicas
Hoffmann, O. (2007) · doi:10.4000/books.ifea.5691 · Cited by 34
Minería del oro y descendencia: Güelmambí, Nariño
De Friedemann, N. S. (1974) · Revista Colombiana de Antropología · doi:10.22380/2539472x.1529 · Cited by 20
Pombo, D., & Gonzalez, E. (1990) · Cited by 12
Hydraulic Mining in California: A Tarnished Legacy
Spude, R. L., & Greenland, P. (2002) · Western Historical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/4144860 · Cited by 12
Larrichio, L. V. (2002) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Bakewell, Peter. 1990. “La minería en la Hispanoamérica colonial”. En Leslie Bethell (ed.). Historia de América Latina. América Latina colonia: Economía. 3. Editorial Crítica. Barcelona.
- Granger, Henry G. y Edward B. Trewille. 1899. “Mining Districts of Colombia”. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. XXVIII.
- Haynor, Genevieve M. 1941. “The history of gold dredging in California, 1848-1940”. M. A. Thesis, University of California. Berkeley.
- Leal, Claudia. 2002. “La naturaleza en los estudios sociales”. En Germán Palacio y Astrid Ulloa (eds.). Repensando la naturaleza. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia. Bogotá.
- Ragonnet, E. L. 1895. “Journal du Voyage” (manuscrito, Sala de Libros Raros y Manuscritos, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, Bogotá).
- ––. 1996. “Tuqueros negros del Pacífico sur colombiano”. En Jorge Ignacio del Valle y Eduardo Restrepo (eds.). Renacientes del guandal: “grupos negros” de los ríos Satinga y Sanquianga Pacífico sur colombiano. Biopacífico, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá.
- Sharp, William. 1976. Slavery in the Spanish frontier. The Colombian Choco, 1680-1810. University of Oklahoma Press. Oklahoma.
- Tovar Pinzón, Hermes, Jorge Tovar Mora y Camilo Tovar Mora (eds.). 1994. Convocatoria al poder del número. Censos y estadísticas de la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830. Archivo General de la Nación. Bogotá.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wakild, E. (2013) · History Compass · doi:10.1111/hic3.12027 · Cited by 33
Landscapes of Freedom and Inequality
Leal, C., & Ausdal, S. V. (2013) · Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) · doi:10.17169/refubium-23504 · Cited by 28
Self-citationQuintero-Ángel, M., Coles, A. R., & Nivia, A. A. D. (2020) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106901 · Cited by 20
Castellanos-Galindo, G. A., & Padilla, L. A. Z. (2018) · MARE publication series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76078-0_4 · Cited by 18
Cano, W. A., & Mayo, L. A. L. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.21501/22161201.3537 · Cited by 14
Freedom in the Rainforest. The formation of a black peasantry in Colombia’s Pacific Coast, 1850-1930
Leal León, C. M. (2016) · Revista CS · doi:10.18046/recs.i20.1861 · Cited by 9
Cano López, W. A. (2017) · Revista Bioetnia · doi:10.51641/bioetnia.v14i1.185 · Cited by 4
Quintero-Ángel, M., Quintero-Ángel, A., Mendoza-Salazar, D. M., & Orjuela-Salazar, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_10 · Cited by 3
Autonomía, mecanización y guerra: la trama del oro en el pacífico colombiano
Galindo Orrego, M. I., Rasmussen, S., & Valencia, I. H. (2019) · Maguaré · doi:10.15446/mag.v33n2.86198 · Cited by 2
The everyday social economy of afro-descendants in the chocó, colombia
Tubb, D. G. L. (2018) · Perspectives from Social Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-60047-9_6 · Cited by 2
¿A dónde se fue la fortuna? Historia económica y social del Chocó, Colombia
Robledo, J. (2019) · doi:10.32468/chee.52 · Cited by 2
Garcia, J. R., & Meeks, L. M. (2025) · Journal of International and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/17513057.2025.2561621 · Cited by 1
Los proyectos ferroviarios en el Urabá antioqueño (1890-1920)
Ospina, L. J. (2024) · Historia y Sociedad · doi:10.15446/hys.n46.109744 · Cited by 1
Díaz, C., & del Pilar, L. (2011) · Repositorio Institucional (Pontificia Universidad Javeriana) · Cited by 1
Agriculture précolombienne dans le pacifique colombo-équatorien
Ariza Pareja, M. A. (2026) · doi:10.70675/858d242dz87b5z4412z9b21z64dec129e4db
Modernidad y marimba en la prensa de Tumaco (1909-1914)
Erazo, J. L. A. (2015) · Historia Crítica · doi:10.7440/histcrit56.2015.07
Garcia, J. R., Reyes, C. D. P., & Sanchez, J. A. S. (2026) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13678779261429535
Saberes ancestrales y propios desde una cartografía social en Coquí, Chocó (Colombia)
Mejía, G. A. C. (2025) · Análisis Geográficos · doi:10.65966/ag.n58.11
Díaz, J., Aguilera, G., & Reyes, H. (2026) · Agroalimentaria · doi:10.53766/agroalim/2026.32.62.03
Case study report on rights of rivers in practice in Bangladesh and Colombia
Rodríguez-Blásquez, Y., Kim, D., Farnan, R. A., Dyke, A., Mandal, S., & Coleoni, C. (2026) · doi:10.51414/sei2026.022
Metadata
- Authors
- Leal, C.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Leal, Claudia
- Venue
- Revista Colombiana de Antropología
- Published
- 2008-12-15
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 409-438
- ISSN
- 0486-6525 (ISSN-L)
- 2539-472X
- OpenAlex
- W1486155751
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- es
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Revista Colombiana de Antropología (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion)
- Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › History and Politics in Latin America
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Land Rights and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Keywords
- territorial disputes, land tenure, natural resources, gold mining, platinum mining, land titling, communal land tenure, Afro-Colombian communities, Colombian Pacific region, baldíos
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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