Health aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) microalga food supplement
Open accessAbstract
Spirulina, now named Arthrospira, is a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium that has a long history of use as a safe food lacking toxicity. It is commercially produced in large outdoor ponds under controlled conditions. The aim of this review article is to summarize available recent information concerning human clinical potential and applications of Spirulina, as well as clinical data related to the safety and side effects of Spirulina. Potential health benefits of Spirulina are mainly due to its chemical composition, which includes proteins (the highest protein content of any natural food, 55%-70%), carbohydrates, essential amino acids, minerals (especially iron), essential fatty acids, vitamins, and pigments. In this respect, three major bioactive components of Spirulina, the protein phycocyanin (a biliprotein pigment), sulfated polysaccharides and gamma linolenic acid seem to play significant role in imparting improved human body functions. Furthermore, new experimental evidence supports the immunomodulation and antiviral effects of Spirulina supplementation. According to the Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee of United States Pharmacopeial Convention the available clinical evidence does not indicate a serious risk to health or other public health concerns for Spirulina. However, a few cases of severe side-effects have been reported.
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Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in a ratio of about 10:1 are responsible for the majority of spirulina's beneficial effects on human health.
“The plant proteins known as phycobiliprotein, which are C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in a ratio of around 10:1, are responsible for the majority of spirulina’s beneficial effects on human health [32,45].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The Chemical Composition section identifies C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin at approximately a 10:1 ratio as proteins with significant health effects. It does not say they account for the majority of Spirulina’s health benefits; the same section also names polysaccharides, gamma-linolenic acid and sulfolipids as promising active constituents. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe daily needs of vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B12 are met by consuming 20 g of spirulina, making it a complete source of these vitamins.
“Because the daily needs of vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B12 are met by consuming 20 g of spirulina, it is considered a complete source of these vitamins [45].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The Chemical Composition section says 20 g of Spirulina fulfills significant requirements for vitamins B1, B2, and B3. It does not include B12 in that statement; the Safety Aspects section says Spirulina contains B12 analogues that do not fulfill vitamin B12’s functional roles in humans. The claim that 20 g meets the daily need for all four vitamins is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredC-phycocyanin accounts for around 20% of the dry weight of spirulina and is sold commercially as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and natural colorant.
“The primary pigment is called C-phycocyanin, and it accounts for around 20% of the dry weight of the substance. It is also sold in the commercial world as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent, in addition to its usage as a natural colorant.”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The Chemical Composition section identifies C-phycocyanin as a Spirulina pigment and says phycocyanins make up about 15–25% of its dry biomass, consistent with around 20%. The Introduction mentions commercial natural-color products made from Spirulina or its extracts, but the paper does not say C-phycocyanin itself is sold commercially as an antioxidant or anti-inflammatory agent. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe spirulina algae product possesses many pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-heavy metal, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant, due to its high content of protein and PUFAs, particularly γ-linolenic acid.
“It was reported by Hosseini et al. [33] that the spirulina algae product possesses many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti–heavy metal, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant due to its high content of protein and PUFAs, particularly the high content of γ-linolenic acid.”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe clinical data that are now available do not show that ingesting spirulina poses a threat to one's health, as stated by the US Food Supplements Convention.
“The clinical data that are now available do not show that ingesting spirulina poses a threat to one’s health, as stated by the US Food Supplements Convention [45].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The Side effects section reports that the Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee found no evidence of a serious health risk or other public-health concern from Spirulina. The claim broadens this to no threat to health, although the same section reports side effects, including a few severe cases. It also misnames the body, which the paper identifies as part of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranges from 15% to 25% dry weight.
“On the other hand, a number of additional studies came to the conclusion that the total carbohydrate content of spirulina ranged from 15% to 25% dry weight [32,33,42,44,45,46].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
Spirulina is superior to all plant proteins, including legume proteins, despite having lower concentrations of methionine, cysteine, and lysine than meat, eggs, or milk proteins.
“Spirulina is superior to all plant proteins, including legume proteins, despite having lower concentrations of the amino acids methionine, cysteine, and lysine than the conventional dietary proteins that come from meat, eggs, or milk [33,45].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The most important minerals found in spirulina are iron, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, with percentages of 0.058-0.18%, 0.13-1.4%, 0.67-0.9%, and 0.64-1.54% of dry weight, respectively.
“According to the findings of a number of studies, the most important minerals found in spirulina are Fe, Ca, P, and K, with percentages of 0.058–0.18%, 0.13–1.4%, 0.67–0.9%, and 0.64–1.54% of the dry weight, respectively [45].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
Phycoerythrins are water-soluble protein compounds that have many beneficial effects on health.
“Phycoerythrins are water-soluble protein compounds that have many beneficial effects on one’s health”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
The Chemical Composition section discusses health effects of phycocyanin C and allophycocyanin, not phycoerythrins. Searches for phycoerythrin and water-soluble phycobiliproteins found no passage in our copy establishing the claimed properties of phycoerythrins. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Co-Encapsulation of Phycocyanin and Albumin-Bound Curcumin in Biopolymeric Hydrogels
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REVIEWING MAJOR MICROBES AS A SINGLE CELL PROTEIN
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SPİRULİNANIN EGZERSİZ ve SPOR PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Erdoğmuş, T. N., & Aras, D. (2024) · Ankara Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.33689/spormetre.1455121
- Authors
- Sotiroudis, T., & Sotiroudis, G.
- Affiliations
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (GR)
- ORCID
- Sotiroudis, Georgios
- Venue
- Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society
- Publisher
- National Library of Serbia
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 395-405
- ISSN
- 0352-5139 (ISSN-L)
- 1820-7421
- OpenAlex
- W2154310176
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- National Hellenic Research Foundation Helios Repository (National Hellenic Research Foundation) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- Spirulina, Arthrospira, cyanobacteria, dietary supplements, phycocyanin, sulfated polysaccharides, gamma-linolenic acid, immunomodulation, antiviral activity, safety and side effects, essential amino acids, iron, essential fatty acids, vitamins, pigments
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