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Experience and Brain Development
Abstract
This article considers how experience can influence the developing and mature brain and proposes a new categorization scheme based upon the type of information stored and the brain mechanisms that appear to be involved in storing it. In this scheme, experience-expectant information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is ubiquitous in the environment and common to all species members, such as the basic elements of pattern perception. Experience-expectant processes appear to have evolved as a neural preparation for incorporating specific information: in many sensory systems, synaptic connections between nerve cells are overproduced, and a subsequent selection process occurs in which aspects of sensory experience determine the pattern of connections that remains. Experience-dependent information storage refers to incorporation of environmental information that is idiosyncratic, or unique to the individual, such as learning about one's specific physical environment or vocabulary. The neural basis of experience-dependent processes appears to involve active formation of new synaptic connections in response to the events providing the information to be stored. Although these processes probably do not occur entirely independently of one another in development, the categories offer a new view more in accord with neural mechanisms than were terms like "critical" or "sensitive period."
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“A long evolutionary history can lead to expected experiences and specialized mechanisms for adapting to these experiences.”
From Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it? (2010) · cites this paper as Greenough et al., 1987
In the citing paper
“From this perspective, aberrant behavior is the result of a change in an evolutionally stable environment (experience-expectant) (Greenough et al., 1987).”
From Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it? (2010) · cites this paper as Greenough et al., 1987
In the citing paper
“The human brain requires a wide variety of experiences and environmental inputs, some during sensitive periods, in order to develop normally.”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“An over-production of synaptic connections early in development that are pruned as a function of experience provides the biological basis for experience-expectant learning.(1)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Heightened plasticity of the brain in early life is a key feature of human development, and the infant brain relies upon environmental experiences in order to develop (Greenough et al, 1987).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Greenough et al, 1987
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“One of earliest studies on the effect of the environment on brain development was the work of William Greenough and his colleagues (Greenough et al., 1987), who compared the brains of rats raised in “complex environments” containing toys and obstacles with those housed individually or in small…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Black, James E.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1987-06
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 539
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968732298
- Semantic Scholar
- 77991efe4235377034d9c46a86305e2f4af2e703
- Cited by
- 1,398
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- experience-dependent learning, brain development, synaptic pruning, pattern perception, critical period, sensitive period, neural mechanisms of learning, information storage, individual differences in learning
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Concept Formation, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Infant, Synaptic Transmission, Mental Recall, Spinal Cord, Visual Pathways
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