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Cited by 297Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

Adolescence: what do transmission, transition and translation have to do with it?

Open access
Casey, B.J., Duhoux, Stéphanie, Cohen, Matthew Malter·2010·Neuron
DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033PMC PMC3014527
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Abstract

Negotiating the transition from dependence on parents to relative independence is not a unique demand for today's youth but has a long evolutionary history (transmission) and is shared across mammalian species (translation). However, behavioral changes observed during this period are often described as delinquent. This review examines changes in explorative and emotive behaviors during the transition into and out of adolescence and the underlying neurobiological bases in the context of adaptive and maladaptive functions.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that adolescence is an evolutionarily conserved transition from parental dependence to independence, not simply a period of delinquency. It proposes that heightened limbic responses to motivational and emotional cues, combined with still-maturing prefrontal control, explain both adaptive exploration and increased vulnerability.

Key findings

  • Human adolescent mortality rises by 200% despite better physical and reasoning abilities than children, largely from preventable causes such as accidents, suicide, and homicide.
  • Reward sensitivity and sensation-seeking follow a curvilinear pattern, peaking around ages 13–17 or 10–15 depending on the measure, while impulsivity declines linearly with age; in one study of over 900 individuals aged 10–30, sensation-seeking peaked between 10 and 15 and impulsivity decreased with age.
  • Adolescents show exaggerated ventral striatal responses to reward cues in several imaging studies, but some studies report diminished striatal activity, and amygdala responses to threat are initially elevated in adolescents relative to children and adults.
  • Animal and human work suggests pubertal hormones and chronological age separately influence brain and behavior, with dopamine-rich frontostriatal circuits undergoing marked changes during adolescence.

Methods

  • Narrative review synthesizing human behavioral, human neuroimaging, and comparative animal studies rather than presenting new primary data.
  • Organizes evidence around Tinbergen-style questions: causes/control of adolescent behavior, developmental change, and adaptive function.
  • Proposes a conceptual model in which hormonally sensitive limbic systems mature earlier than age-dependent prefrontal control systems, producing a temporary imbalance.

Limitations

  • The paper states that disentangling age and pubertal effects is difficult because the two are strongly associated and puberty timing varies widely.
  • It notes mixed imaging findings on ventral striatal activity in adolescents and unresolved controversy over whether dopamine systems are hypoactive or hypersensitive.
  • It states that equating the appetitive quality of rewards across ages and species requires more investigation; the text also makes evident that this is a narrative review with many cited works still in press or in review, and the central model is conceptual rather than directly tested.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033

Cites

160 of 160 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 92 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Interpretationreasoning

    Viewing adolescent behavior through translational developmental neuroscience may show that what appears aberrant is actually adaptation of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to the current environment.

    “By examining the development of adolescent behavior through this lens, what may appear to be aberrant behavior at first glance may simply be adaptation of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to the current environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Interpretationcitation

    Elevated ventral striatal activity is more consistent with the observed increase in risky behavior during adolescence.

    “Thus elevated ventral striatal activity would seem more consistent with the observed increase in risky behavior during this age (Figner et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Figner et al., 2009 source

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  • Premisecitation

    Sensitivity to rewards and incentives peaks during adolescence, following a curvilinear function that peaks roughly between 13 and 17 and then declines.

    “Using a similar gambling task, Cauffman and colleagues (Cauffman et al., 2010) have shown that this sensitivity to rewards and incentives actually peaks during adolescence, as demonstrated by a steady increase from late childhood to adolescence in tendency to play with more advantageous decks of cards, followed by a subsequent decline from late adolescence to adulthood. These findings illustrate a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cauffman et al., 2010 source

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    • cites Steinberg et al., 2009 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.
  • Premisecitation

    Testosterone level is positively associated with anticipation of reward in males.

    “and that testosterone level is positively associated with anticipation of reward in males (Forbes et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Forbes et al., 2010

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    • Rests on an assumption: Measures of puberty such as Tanner staging and hormonal assays validly capture pubertal maturation.
  • Premisecitation

    The environment can be an extreme source of stability for nervous systems and behaviors, contrary to the view that the environment is variable and the genome stable.

    “In contrast to the argument of the environment being variable and the genome being relatively stable, the environment can be an extreme source of stability for nervous systems and behaviors (Finlay, 2007).”
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    • cites Finlay, 2007 source

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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2

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    Premisecitation

    Human adolescents show a 200% rise in mortality relative to children, even though they are physically stronger, quicker, less susceptible to illness, and better at reasoning and deciding.

    “mortality increases 200% for them during this time (Dahl, 2001).”
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    • cites Dahl, 2001 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescence is not unique to humans; it has a long evolutionary history and is shared across mammalian species.

    “Adolescence is not special to humans. Rather, a variety of species must acquire the basic skills of transitioning from dependence to relative independence from parental care (Spear, 2010).”
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    • cites Spear, 2010

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    Premisecitation

    The rise in adolescent deaths is not caused by disease but by preventable events such as accidents, suicide, and homicide, and is linked to problems regulating behavior and emotion.

    “This increase in deaths is not attributable to disease, but rather preventable forms of death including accidental fatalities, suicide and homicide (CDC, 2006) and related to difficulties in regulation of behavior and emotion (Steinberg, 2008).”
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    • cites CDC, 2006

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    • cites Steinberg, 2008 source

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    Premisecitation

    In adolescents and adults, trials for which money was at stake speeded performance and facilitated accuracy, but this effect was larger in adolescents.

    “In adolescents and adults, trials for which money was at stake speeded performance and facilitated accuracy, but this effect was larger in adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Geier et al., 2010 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ventral striatal response to reward is exaggerated in adolescents relative to both children and adults, indicative of increased signal or more sustained activation.

    “Moreover, this response was exaggerated in adolescents, relative to both children and adults, indicative of increased signal (Galvan et al., 2006) or more sustained activation (Delgado et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Galvan et al., 2006 source

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    • cites Delgado et al., 2000 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In over 900 individuals aged 10 to 30, sensation-seeking followed a curvilinear pattern, peaking between 10 and 15, and declining or remaining stable thereafter, while impulsivity followed a linear pattern, decreasing with age.

    “They showed that the often-conflated constructs of sensation-seeking and impulsivity developed along different timetables in over 900 individuals between the ages of 10 and 30. Specifically, differences in sensation-seeking across age followed a curvilinear pattern, with a peak between 10 and 15 years, and declining or remaining stable thereafter. In contrast, impulsivity followed a linear pattern”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cauffman et al., 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescence is a period of functional activation of basic motivational and emotional systems when prefrontal cortical systems involved in rational decisions and actions are not fully mature.

    “We (Casey et al., 2008a; Casey et al., in press) and others ((Ernst et al., 2006; Ernst et al., 2009; Geier and Luna, 2009; Steinberg, 2008) have suggested that adolescence is a period of functional activation of basic motivational and emotional systems at a time when prefrontal cortical systems involved rational decisions and actions are not fully mature.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Casey et al., 2008a

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    • cites Ernst et al., 2006 source

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    • cites Steinberg, 2008 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adolescents make disproportionately more risky gambles compared to adults, but only in the hot condition where reward feedback is immediate.

    “Figner and colleagues (Figner et al., 2009) showed that adolescents made disproportionately more risky gambles compared to adults but only in the “hot” condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Figner et al., 2009 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both puberty and age influence changes in explorative and emotive behaviors in adolescents.

    “However, animal and human studies suggest that both puberty and age influence changes in explorative and emotive behaviors in adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    During adolescence, motivational cues of potential reward are particularly salient and can lead to improved performance when provided as a reinforcer or rewarded outcome, but to riskier or suboptimal choices when provided as a cue.

    “Taken together, these studies suggest that during adolescence, motivational cues of potential reward are particularly salient and can lead to improved performance when provided as a reinforcer or rewarded outcome, but to riskier choices or suboptimal choices when provided as a cue.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adolescents make riskier decisions in the presence of peers than when alone, and the number of risky decisions decreases by young adulthood.

    “Using a simulated driving task, Gardner and Steinberg (Gardner and Steinberg, 2005) showed that adolescents make riskier decisions in the presence of peers than when alone. The number of risky decisions decrease by young adulthood (Chassin et al., 2004; Steinberg, 2008).”
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    • cites Gardner and Steinberg, 2005 source

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    • cites Chassin et al., 2004

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

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    Premisecitation

    In adults, a risky choice is more probable when striatal activity is higher, whereas increased prefrontal activity correlates with increased probability of a safe choice and with higher risk aversion.

    “In adults, Christopoulos and colleagues (Christopoulos et al., 2009) have shown that a risky choice is more probable when striatal activity is higher, whereas increased prefrontal activity correlates with increased probability of a safe choice and with higher risk aversion.”
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    • cites Christopoulos et al., 2009 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Changes in explorative and emotive behaviors occur across species as the organism moves from parental dependence to independence during the transition into and out of adolescence.

    “Changes in explorative and emotive behaviors have been observed across species as the organism moves from parental dependence to independence during the transition into and out of adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Pubertal onset and chronological age appear to be two causal forces shaping adolescent development.

    “Thus pubertal onset and chronological age appear to be two causal forces shaping adolescent development.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Early puberty is associated with poor outcomes in both sexes, including earlier alcohol and illegal substance use, earlier sexual behavior, higher risk for mental health problems, and increased risk for delinquency.

    “Importantly, early puberty has been associated with poor outcomes in both sexes. These outcomes include earlier use of alcohol and illegal substances, earlier sexual behavior, higher risk for mental health problems and increased risk for delinquency (Bratberg et al., 2007; Deardorff et al., 2005; Waylen and Wolke, 2004)(Graber et al., 1997; Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bratberg et al., 2007 source

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    • cites Deardorff et al., 2005 source

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    • cites Waylen and Wolke, 2004

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    Premisecitation

    Motivational processes related to sensitivity to rewards and sensation-seeking behavior are distinct from impulsivity, with different developmental patterns (curvilinear versus linear).

    “Finally, there is evidence to suggest that motivational processes related to sensitivity to rewards and sensation-seeking behavior are distinct from impulsivity with very different developmental patterns (curvilinear versus a linear function, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cauffman et al., 2010 source

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    Premisecitation

    In male hamsters, the presence or absence of testosterone during adolescence can program adult sexual behavior, but preadolescent exposure does not.

    “Sisk and colleagues showed that the presence or absence of testosterone during adolescence in male hamsters could program adult sexual behavior (Schulz et al., 2009), but preadolescent exposure did not.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schulz et al., 2009 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

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    Premisecitation

    When it is advantageous to suppress a response to incentive-related cues, cognitive control suffers, and this reduced control is especially evident during adolescence.

    “However, when it is advantageous to suppress a response to incentive-related cues, cognitive control suffers (Somerville et al., In review). This reduced control is especially evident during the period of adolescence, when suboptimal choices in sexual and drug related behaviors have been suggested to peak (Casey et al., 2008b; Eaton et al., 2008; Spear, 2000; Windle et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Somerville et al., In review

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dopamine is essential in learning to optimize gains and in detecting novelty or violations in the expected environment.

    “For example, dopamine is essential in learning to optimize gains and in detecting novelty or violations in the expected environment as shown by Schultz (Cromwell and Schultz, 2003; Fiorillo et al., 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
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    • cites Fiorillo et al., 2003 source

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    Premisecitation

    The prefrontal cortex, thought to support cognitive control, undergoes protracted maturation, while striatal regions sensitive to novelty and reward manipulations may develop earlier or be more functionally active with the onset of puberty.

    “Collectively, the developmental imaging literature suggests that the prefrontal cortex, thought to support cognitive control (Astle and Scerif, 2009; Bitan et al., 2006; Bunge et al., 2002; Luna et al., 2010; Luna et al., 2001; Stevens et al., 2009; Tamm et al., 2002) undergoes protracted maturation (Giedd et al., 1999; Huttenlocher, 1990; Sowell et al., 2003) (Shaw et al., 2008) while striatal”
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    • cites Huttenlocher, 1990 source

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    • cites Sowell et al., 2003 source

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    Premisecitation

    There is a positive association between ventral striatal activity to monetary reward and likelihood of engaging in risky behavior, but no association between activity in this region and impulsivity measures.

    “There was a positive association between ventral striatal activity to monetary reward and the likelihood of engaging in risky behavior, but no association between activity in this region and impulsivity measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Galvan et al., 2007 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    An inverse relationship exists between amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal structures, and this relationship controls affective output.

    “implicating an inverse association between these structures that governs affective output.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nonhuman adolescents show increases in peer interactions, novelty seeking, and consummatory behaviors.

    “Nonhuman adolescents show age-typical ways of responding to their environment. These behaviors include increases in peer interactions, novelty seeking and elevations in consummatory behaviors (Spear 2000)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spear, 2000 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Changes in behavior during adolescence appear to occur in parallel with the increase in pubertal hormones, resulting in more exploratory behavior and seeking sexual partners.

    “Changes in behavior during adolescence appear to occur in parallel with the increase in pubertal hormones, resulting in more exploratory behavior and seeking sexual partners.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Initial emotional reactivity to potential threat, as indexed by elevated amygdala activity, is typical or normal for adolescence, but failure of this response to subside over time with no impending threat is atypical or maladaptive and may indicate risk for anxiety.

    “These findings suggest that initial emotional reactivity to potential threat, as indexed by elevated amygdala activity, is typical of, or normal for adolescence, but that failure of this response to subside over time with no impending threat is atypical or maladaptive and may be indicative of risk for anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Development is not a simple gene-directed passage from embryo to mature organism; it is a structured collaboration between organism and environment throughout development and evolution.

    ““development can no longer be viewed as a simple passage from the embryo to the mature organism directed by the information encoded in the genes, but rather a structured collaboration between the information in the organism and the environment” that occurs throughout development (Finlay, 2007, p.34) and evolution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Finlay, 2007 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Earlier pubertal onset leads to less adaptive behavior for the current environment and greater risk of mental health problems.

    “resulting in less adaptive behavior for the current environment and greater risk for mental health problems (Graber et al., 1997; Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2003)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Graber et al., 1997 source

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    • cites Kaltiala-Heino et al., 2003 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: The brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.

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    Premisecitation

    In monkeys, early striatal activity provides the foundation for reward-based associations, while later prefrontal mechanisms maintain behavioral outputs that optimize gains.

    “For example, using single-unit recordings in monkeys, Pasupathy & Miller (Pasupathy and Miller, 2005) showed that when flexibly learning a set of reward contingencies, very early activity in the striatum provides the foundation for reward-based associations, whereas later, more deliberative prefrontal mechanisms are engaged to maintain the behavioral outputs that can optimize the greatest gains”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pasupathy and Miller, 2005 source

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    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adaptive functions of adolescent risk-taking include increasing the probability of reproductive success among males, improving life circumstances, enabling procurement of additional resources, exploring adult liberties, and greater ability to face and surmount challenges.

    “Adaptive functions include increasing the probability of reproductive success among males across species, improving life circumstances, enabling procurement of additional resources, as well as exploring adult liberties and greater ability to face and surmount challenges (Belsky et al., 1991; Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 1987; Daly and Wilson, 1987; Meschke and Silbereisen, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
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    • cites Csikszentmihalyi and Larson, 1987 source

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    • cites Daly and Wilson, 1987

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    • Rests on an assumption: Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ventral striatum and amygdala are not specific to approach and avoidant behavior; they are systems important for detecting and learning about appetitive and emotive information in the environment for adaptive behavior.

    “the model does not suggest that the ventral striatum and amygdala are specific to approach and avoidant behavior given recent studies showing valence independence of these structures (Levita et al., 2009), but rather are systems that are important in detecting and learning about appetitive and emotive information in the environment for the development of adaptive behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Levita et al., 2009 source

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30 of 30

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from nonhuman animal models of adolescence can be translated to humans.

    “shared across mammalian species (translation)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Laboratory tasks used in the cited studies validly index the cognitive, motivational, and emotional constructs they are said to measure.

    “Using an anti-saccade task with a promise of financial reward for accurate performance on some trials but not others, they showed that promise of a reward facilitated adolescent performance more than adults.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Measures of puberty such as Tanner staging and hormonal assays validly capture pubertal maturation.

    “Sexual maturation is typically assessed by physical exam or Tanner staging by the individual or parent, but more and more hormonal measures are being assessed, which present challenges given the large fluctuations in early stages of puberty and during the menstrual cycle, yet, move the field forward beyond the use of age as a proxy for pubertal maturation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During adolescence, amygdala response is heightened relative to children and adults.

    “During adolescence, when the amygdala response is heightened relative to that observed in children and adults (imbalance), more top down control is needed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.

    “Consistent with this view, is how the brain differs in sensitivity to testosterone levels across development.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The transition from parental dependence to relative independence has a long evolutionary history and is shared across mammalian species.

    “Negotiating the transition from dependence on parents to relative independence is not a unique demand for today’s youth, but has a long evolutionary history and is shared across mammalian species.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In western civilization, the transition period has been prolonged for humans because parental independence is increasingly postponed in many individuals.

    “This period of transition has been prolonged in western civilization for humans with the increasingly occurring postponement of parental independence in many individuals.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The authors' perspective places as much emphasis on evolutionary-based expectations of the social environment as the environment itself, which may underlie significant changes in the brain to enhance receptivity to environmental inputs and facilitate the capacity for meeting changing social pressures during adolescence.

    “However, we place as much emphasis on evolutionary-based expectations of the social environment as the environment itself, which we posit may underlie significant changes in the brain to enhance receptivity to environmental inputs and facilitate the capacity for meeting changing social pressures during this developmental window (Casey et al., 2010).”

    From Beyond simple models of adolescence to an integrated circuit-based account: A commentary (2016) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010

  • Environments that result in a mismatch between the expected and actual environment may prove particularly stressful.

    “However, environments that result in a mismatch between the expected and actual environment may prove particularly stressful (Finlay, 2007, Casey et al., 2010).”

    From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Casey et al., 2010

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 161 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Somerville, 2010, Frontostriatal maturation predicts behavioral regulation failures to appetitive cues in adolescence, J. Cogn. Neurosci.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Casey, B. J., Duhoux, S., & Cohen, M. M.
Affiliations
Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
Corresponding author
Casey, B.J.
ORCID
Duhoux, Stéphanie
Venue
Neuron
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-09
Volume
67
Issue
5
Pages
749-760
ISSN
0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.033
PMC
PMC3014527
OpenAlex
W2046318203
Semantic Scholar
774fd6f843595a92cb8fd9700423cc2dda466259
Cited by
297
References
161
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
FWCI
1.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuron (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Weill Cornell Medical College
  • National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH62196, P50MH062196)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA018879)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords
adolescence, transition to independence, parental dependence, mammalian development, exploratory behavior, emotional behavior, maladaptive behavior, behavior change
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Models, Psychological, Adolescent Development

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