Cited by 3,263Health disparities and outcomesHealth and Well-being StudiesResilience and Mental Health

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The Sociological Study of Stress

Pearlin, Leonard I.·1989·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

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Abstract

This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled statistically; we must examine the bearing of these data on each domain of the stress process: the exposure to and meaning of stressors, access to stress mediators, and the psychological, physical, and behavioral manifestations of stress. The conceptualization and measurement of stressors should move away from their focus on particular events or chronic strains and should seek instead to observe and assess over time constellations of stressors made up of both events and strains. Moreover, the effects of the mediators--coping and social support--are evaluated most fruitfully in terms of their effects in limiting the number, severity, and diffusion of stressors in these constellations. Finally, sociological stress researchers should not be bound to outcomes that better serve the intellectual interests of those who work with biomedical and epidemiological models of stress, nor should the research be committed exclusively to a single outcome.

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“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
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“While the stress processes are not yet fully known, since the 80s it was generally accepted that exposure to stress alone does not directly lead to health problems, but its effects are mediated and moderated by other variables such as coping and social support [15].”
Background
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“psychological distress, or disorder will follow (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin et al., 2005).”
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“Stress research has shown that individuals’ perceptions of a situation rather than objective measures of the situation tend to have stronger influences on their experiences of stressfulness in the given situation (Pearlin, 1989).”
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Background
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“By positing that chronic strains and stressful life events threaten an individual’s adaptive capacity, stress process theory provides a useful conceptual framework for linking patterns of gender socialization to the mental health of male and female youth in India [7].”
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Background
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“Mastery Mastery was assessed using the mean score of a seven-item scale developed by Pearlin and Schooler (1978). Respondents rated each item on a four-point scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree’.”
BackgroundMethod
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“, work-family conflict during the pandemic) can lead to different manifestations of outcomes, depending on the constellation of the social and economic contexts (Pearlin 1989) and family and individual characteristics.”
BackgroundInfluential
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BackgroundMethod
Prenatal family support, postnatal family support and postpartum depression
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Social Hassles and Psychological Health in the Context of Chronic Crowding
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“Although the stress process model predicts that lower status groups have fewer coping resources than higher status groups (Pearlin 1989), group differences in resources may also result from unique social and historical circumstances that necessitate the development of coping resources for some…”
BackgroundResult
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disentangling strain, personal attributes, affective response and deviance: a gendered analysis
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“While some research suggests that males are more likely to externalize and females are more likely to internalize their negative responses to strain (Aneshensel, Rutter, and Lachenbruch 1991 ; Colten and Gore 1991 ; Leadbetter, Blatt, and Quinlan 1995 ; Mirowsky and Ross 1995 ; Pearlin 1989 ), other research suggests…”
Background
Linking Perceived Discrimination to Longitudinal Changes in African American Mothers’ Parenting Practices
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Background
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“…Wethington 1990; Elder 1974; Festinger 1954; Freidson 1960; George 1986; Good 1960; Lin 1992; Lüscher and Pillemer 1998; Moen, Dempster-McClain, and Williams 1989; Pearlin 1989; Pescosolido et al. 1998; Rook 1984, 1987; Smith and Christakis 2008; Thoits 1995, 2011; Wethington 2000; Wheaton 1990).”
BackgroundMethod
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Miech, R., Eaton, W., & Brennan, K. M. (2005) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.special_issue_2.s93 · Cited by 30
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“Lack of belonging and inclusion among individuals from marginalized identity groups is a contributor to increased stress as a chronic response to racism, stigmatization, discrimination, and exclusion (Cokley et al., 2013; Hunter et al., 2019; Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
Compassion Fatigue Among Social Work Students in Field Placements
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“Compassion fatigue often is conceptualized within a stress process framework that focuses on the physiological (alterations in hormonal and neuroendocrine systems) and psychological (cognitive functioning) reactions of individuals to stressors in their life (Adams et al., 2006; Boscarino, 2004; Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin,…”
Background
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Acculturation Strategies and Mental Health in Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth
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“The social stress model, also widely used within LGB studies, identifies and specifies the interrelationship between personal and social experiences, which is hypothesized as being relevant to mental health risk (Pearlin 1989; Wethington and Kessler 1986).”
Background
Physical Disability and Suicidal Ideation: A Community‐Based Study of Risk/Protective Factors for Suicidal Thoughts
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Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System
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Risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth among Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal women in Manitoba
Heaman, M. I., Blanchard, J., Gupton, A. L., MOFFATT, M. E. K., & Currie, R. F. (2005) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2005.00644.x · Cited by 77
Racial and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among Black and White Youth: An Examination of the Mediating Effects of Family Structure, Stress and Support
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“Racial Differences in Adolescent Exposure to Stress and Vulnerability The stress process model is an ideal theoretical framework for examining the social mechanisms underlying health disparities (Pearlin 1989; Pearlin et al. 1981).”
Background
Caregiving Perceptions of Chinese Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disability in Hong Kong
Mak, W. W. S., & Ho, G. S. M. (2006) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00309.x · Cited by 77
The Politics of Fire and the Social Impacts of Fire Exclusion on the Klamath1
Norgaard, K. M. (2022) · Humboldt Journal of Social Relations · doi:10.55671/0160-4341.1201 · Cited by 80
Subfecundity and anxiety in a nationally representative sample
King, R. B. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00069-2 · Cited by 77
Double Jeopardy: Interaction Effects of Marital and Poverty Status on the Risk of Mortality
Smith, K. R., & Waitzman, N. J. (1994) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061754 · Cited by 77
Perceived Discrimination and Its Associations With Mental Health and Substance Use Among Asian American and Pacific Islander Undergraduate and Graduate Students
Chen, A. C., Szalacha, L. A., & Menon, U. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.917648 · Cited by 76
Hearing impairment, social support, and depressive symptoms among U.S. adults: A test of the stress process paradigm
West, J. S. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.031 · Cited by 76
Physical fitness and the stress process
Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (2003) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.10079 · Cited by 76
Resilience Among Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse
Hyman, B., & Williams, L. M. (2001) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/08861090122094226 · Cited by 75
“Studies have examined the extent to which the relationships among these outcomes are contingent on coping resources and social supports (Baruch, Biener, & Barnett, 1987; Kessler & McLeod, 1985; Long & Kahn, 1993; Pearlin, 1989; Robertson, Elder, Skinner, & Conger, 1991).”
Background
Impact of Spouse Vision Impairment on Partner Health and Well-Being: A Longitudinal Analysis of Couples
Strawbridge, W. J., Wallhagen, M. I., & Shema, S. J. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/62.5.s315 · Cited by 78
“…stress process model mainly to studies of caregiving involving dementia, but the model could be applicable here even though the vast majority of partners of visually impaired spouses in our data set did not describe themselves as caregivers (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Mullan, Semple, & Skaff, 1990).”
Background
Whose Education Counts? The Added Impact of Adult-Child Education on Physical Functioning of Older Taiwanese
Zimmer, Z., Hermalin, A. I., & Lin, H. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.1.s23 · Cited by 77
“Next, there is a broad range of psychosocial phenomena, including stress, an important determinant of health (Pearlin, 1989); locus of control, or a sense of control over the course of one’s life; environmental factors, some of which may be related to occupation; and social support (House et al.”
Background
Neighbourhood and individual socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: the role of physical neighbourhood stressors
van Lenthe, F. V., & Mackenbach, J. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043851 · Cited by 83
Psychological Approaches to Mental Illness
Peterson, C. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945.008 · Cited by 77
Race, Socioeconomic Position, and Physical Health
Turner, R. J., Brown, T. N., & Hale, W. B. (2017) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146516687008 · Cited by 78
Adolescent Work Experience and Depressive Affect
Shanahan, M., Finch, M., Mortimer, J. T., & Ryu, S. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786843 · Cited by 75
Estimating influences of unemployment and underemployment on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: who suffers the most?
Lee, J. O., Kapteyn, A., Clomax, A. J., & Jin, H. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.038 · Cited by 75
Determinants of general fatigue and emotional exhaustion: a prospective study
Michielsen, H. J., Willemsen, T. M., Croon, M. A., Vries, J. D., & Heck, G. L. V. (2004) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440310001627135 · Cited by 75
“Factors like sex and age are claimed to influence parts of the model, namely the kind of stressor (Pearlin, 1989), appraisal of events (Brown and Fielding, 1993; Sheets et al.”
Background
Childhood adversity and adult depression among the incarcerated: Differential exposure and vulnerability by race/ethnicity and gender
Roxburgh, S., & MacArthur, K. R. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.02.007 · Cited by 74
Adolescent depression in a school-based community sample: Preliminary findings on contributing social factors
McFarlane, A. H., Bellissimo, A., Norman, G. R., & Lange, P. (1994) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf01537632 · Cited by 75
“The concept of stressor refers to the experiential circumstances that give rise to stress ( Pearlin, 1989 ).”
Background
Racial Differences in Effects of Religiosity and Mastery on Psychological Distress
Oates, G. L. S. C., & Goode, J. (2012) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869312455930 · Cited by 74
Family Economic Pressure and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation: Application of the Family Stress Model
Yoder, K. A., & Hoyt, D. R. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.251 · Cited by 74
“This hypothesis is justified by the stress process paradigm (Pearlin, 1989) in which stressful life events (economic pressure) influence mental health outcomes, and previous research supports this hypothesis (Barrera et al.”
Result
Parental Time Pressures and Depression Among Married Dual-Earner Parents
Roxburgh, S. (2011) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x11425324 · Cited by 74
“In developing a model of the relationship between perceived time with children and depression, I draw on the stress process model (Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundMethod
The Religious Role and the Sense of Personal Control*
Schieman, S. (2008) · Sociology of Religion · doi:10.1093/socrel/69.3.273 · Cited by 74
Comorbid depressive symptomatology: isolating the effects of chronic medical conditions on self-reported depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults
Mills, T. L. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00361-0 · Cited by 74
Obituary Listing
(1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.18.1636 · Cited by 74
Religious Resources, Spiritual Struggles, and Mental Health in a Nationwide Sample of PCUSA Clergy
Ellison, C. G., Roalson, L. A., Guillory, J. M., Flannelly, K. J., & Marcum, J. P. (2009) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-009-0239-1 · Cited by 73
“A number of recent studies have integrated insights from the social psychology of religion with the life-stress (or stress-and-coping) paradigm, which guides much of the contemporary work on social patterns and interpersonal variation in health and illness (Ellison et al. 2001; Pearlin 1989 ).”
Background

Authors: Pearlin, L. I.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Pearlin, Leonard I.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 241
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136956
OpenAlex: W1976247888
Cited by: 3,263
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 117 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 36.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: stress, stressors, stress mediators, coping, social support, social status, social affiliation, stress measurement, stress effects
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Research, Social Support, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological

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