The Sociological Study of Stress

“1797 Neighborhood Influences and Health Sociological and social-epidemiological studies of illness have been informed, in large measure, by the stress process model proposed by Leonard Pearlin (1989, 1999).”

“Life stressors can result from two sources, traumatic life events or recurring and enduring life problems termed as chronic strain (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Secondary role strains are important to include in any study of stress as they represent the threats people face in their daily lives, outside of the initial stressor (Pearlin 1989).”

“Pathways to Ill Health amongst Lone Mothers Pathways leading to ill health are often explained using the stress-and-vulnerability model, which describes the relationship between the stressors the individual is exposed to and the way the individual reacts (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Education as a Stress Modifier Structural arrangements, as Pearlin [25] pointed out, are particularly important because they greatly influence the components of the stress process—stressor, stress moderator and stress outcome.”

“The consequences of recurring stressors may be particularly severe when they surface within major social domains, such as work or family (Pearlin, 1989; Wheaton, 1994).”

“…which argues that lack of economic resources and disadvantaged social status negatively affect health by exposing individuals to higher levels of stress but that factors such as social support can reduce the effect of stress exposure, especially as it pertains to mental health (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Within the stress process framework, social support acts as a buffer to stress in its impact on well-being (Pearlin et al., 1981; Pearlin, 1989).”

“…sampling of the different sources of stress, which plainly extend well beyond discrete events such as deaths, job losses, and divorces, and reflect the myriad consequences of systems of social organization for the difficulties people face in their day-to-day lives (Pearlin 1989; Wheaton 1994).”

“The heightened susceptibility of divorcees to mental health problems is often explained by Stress and Coping Theories (Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1989), such as the Stress-divorce-adjustment Perspective (Amato, 2000) On one hand, these hypothesise that divorce is a stressful experience that…”

“The observation that some triggering interactions may involve stressful life events suggests that the stress process paradigm (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981; Pearlin, Schieman, Fazio, & Meersman, 2005) may have an important contribution to play in understanding certain gene– environment i…”

“Acitelli (1996) and Pearlin (1989) indicate that effects of stressors and perceptions of support may vary by sex; therefore, the researcher ran separate analyses for male (fathers) and female (mothers) respondents.”

“socially originated and tightly linked to social positions (Pearlin 1989; Wilkinson 1999); the disadvantaged may avoid the challenges of regular exercise and take the form of inactivity as functions of pleasure, relaxation, or selfmedication (Pampel et al.”

“portive relationships including intimate relationships (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Another central proposition of the model is that stress exposure and the availability of coping resources are shaped by one’s social context (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Role strain theory posits that strain can be reduced when social roles or components of them are delegated to someone else (Pearlin, 1989).”

“One of the most accepted definitions is Rosenberg (1965), who describes self-esteem as the feeling of satisfaction and the confidence that people have in themselves (Pearlin, 1989).”

“The role strain theory posits that people could be overloaded by different social roles, and the competing demands of multiple social roles may lead to role strain (Pearlin, 1989; Rozario, Morrow-Howell, & Hinterlong, 2004).”

“…investigations of the stress process in general, and as it specifically pertains to caregivers to persons with Alzheimer’s disease (Aneshensel, 1992; Aneshensel et al. , 1995; Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin et al. , 1981, 1990), and, more recently, to persons with AIDS (Pearlin et al. , 1997; Wight, 2000).”

“…theory proposes that different social statuses (e.g., sexual orientation) contribute to differences in stress exposure (e.g., victimization) and access to resources (e.g., social support) that may mitigate mental health disparities (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, & Mullan, 1981).”

“We focus on three psychosocial resources that have received abundant attention in mental health research as protective factors: self-esteem, mastery, and social support ( Aneshensel 1992 ; Christie-Mizell and Erickson 2007 ; Pearlin 1989 , 1999 ; Pearlin et al.”

“Additionally, gender differences in exposure and response to economic downturn and high unemployment may potentially help explain the role race/ ethnicity plays in the relationship between economic stress and mental health [12].”

“Their framework is consistent with an important contribution of the stress process literature to highlight the differential exposure and cumulative impact of stressors on underprivileged groups (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Aneshensel, & LeBlanc, 1997; Turner & Lloyd, 1995).”

“Consistent with the stress process model (Pearlin, 1989), it is likely that increased everyday racial discrimination depletes resources that African Americans need to manage their obsessions and/or compulsions resulting in increased symptoms of OCD.”

“This theory elaborates on social stress theory, which posits that the impact of stress on mental health cannot be understood in terms of isolated events affecting individuals but must also consider the contexts and patterns of these events over time (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Consistent with the stress process theory (Pearlin, 1989), we theorize that experiences of discrimination can be a source of stress as a chronic strain or a life event, which contribute to a manifestation of stress (depressive symptoms).”

“We assume the arrival of upper income people in a low-income community alters the social structure of the neighborhood and this can produce new or exacerbate existing social stressors that can affect the mental and physical well-being of long-term residents (see Aneshensel, 1992; Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 2010).”

“The COVID-19 pandemic can generally be viewed as a life event stressor (Pearlin et al., 1981; Pearlin, 1989), as it is an unexpected and uncontrolled event in the life course of all people.”

“Pearlin, the physical limitation was considered a significant stressor in adult learners that may also influence their emotional well-being [66].”

“…item, this type of measure has been found to correlate well with other objective health outcomes (Mossey and Shapiro, 1984), and a number of studies have found the measure to be reliable and valid (Aneshensel et al., 1993; LeBlanc et al., 1995, 1997; Pearlin et al., 1990, 1997; Pearlin, 1989).”

“I , Spring 2004 02004 By the Association of Teacher Educators 39 edges that student teachers’ perceptions of what is stressful and skills that can potentially manage these perceived stressors.”

“Like ecological systems theory, social stress theory classically defines stress as a state of arousal resulting either from the presence of socio-environmental demands that challenge the ordinary adaptive abilities of the individual or from the absence of means to obtain something wanted or needed (Aneshensel, 1992; P…”

“Using standardized survey data supplemented by openended comments, it applies stress process theory (Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1989) to examine how stressors and resources are related to academic faculty distress and job satisfaction.”

“Third, while stress theory argues that individuals may possess certain psychosocial resources to moderate the negative effects of social stressors (Pearlin, 1989), such as discrimination, the association between vicariously experienced discrimination and greater levels of anxiety symptoms was…”

“structure of society predicts amount and type of stress exposure, as well as resources, which in turn impact mental health (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Menaghan, Lieberman, & Mullan, 1981).”

“Social roles may provide boundaries to conceptualize the large array of chronic stressors such as interpersonal relationships, activities, obligations, and responsibilities which affect most people, particularly with respect to their workplace and their roles in partnerships [12, 24, 28].”

“, self-concept) can be mediators that link stressful circumstances and adversity to mental health outcomes (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Second, we expand upon previous research in this area by using reports of other forms of adverse childhood experiences to implement a stressor-informed strategic comparison group design that compares children with incarcerated parents to those who did not experience parental incarceration, but experience various socia…”

“People who are exposed to similar social and economic stressors, who share similar ascribed social roles and positions, who come from similar contextual environments, will experience similar types and levels of stress (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Positive comparison (Pearlin 1989) is a subjective evaluation by the respondent that he or she is better off relative to others he or she knows.”

“The second facet, mediating resources, emphasizes the various sources of support, social advantage, and coping mechanisms, which may mitigate the effects of social stress on health (Aneshensel 1992; Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin1989).”

“Stress process models posit that social statuses, such as age, influence adverse outcomes in their own right and that their effects can also be exacerbated by stressor exposure and offset by the availability of psychosocial coping resources (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Theoretically, the stress process model (Pearlin, 1989) proposes a pathway that life stressors elevate or diminish the effects of personal resources; in turn, personal resources influence the psychological outcomes of stressors.”

“Perceived discrimination acts as a psychosocial stressor, with harmful effects for adults’ mental, physical, and emotional health (Luo, Xu, Granberg, & Wentworth, 2012; Pascoe & Richman, 2009; Pearlin, 1989; Vogt Yuan, 2007).”

“Stress theory predicts that those who lack resources may experience more deleterious mental health consequences in response to stressors—such as debt burden—than those with more resources (Pearlin 1989).”

“A core tenet of the stress process model is that individuals employ coping resources in the aftermath of stress and adversity that may offset any pernicious mental health consequences (Pearlin 1989).”

“Moreover, these challenges to physical and mental health are interrelated, as the effects of stress diffuse across multiple domains of health and well-being (Pearlin, 1989).”

“Because the availability of coping resources such as perceived social support emerges from the social conditions of life (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin et al., 1981), youths who experience greater social adversity may be indicative of parents who also experience more social stress and are thus less able…”

“It may reflect interpersonal conflicts within role sets where individuals experience difficulties interacting with others in complementary roles, such as among coworkers or spouses (Pearlin 1989).”

“To better understand and unpack the nature of the hardship experience (Avison & Turner, 1988; Boushey et al., 2001; Ennis, Hobfoll, & Schroder, 2000; Pearlin et al., 1981), previous research on financial hardship suggests the assessment of traditional socioeconomic indicators along with multiple indicators of hardship…”

“Gender influences access to social, psychological, and economic resources (Matheson et al., 2010), coping responses (Pearlin, 1989; Cooper, Russell, Skinner, Frone & Mudar, 1992), and the quantity and quality of time spent in the neighborhood (Matheson et al., 2006), making gender a potential…”

“Based on the considerable literature arguing that health inequalities are strongly socially determined (Pearlin, 1998), we also hypothesized that stress and resilience resources composite variables would partially explain the race/ethnicity inequity in AL.”

“This is an important oversight because personal coping resources “lessen the impact of life’s problems” (Pearlin 1989:250) by diminishing the appraised threat of the stressor (Thoits 1995, 2010, 2013).”

“Social stress theory postulates that social sources of stress, such as racism and other types of discrimination, can negatively impact a person’s mental or physical health [31, 32].”