Cited by 3,263Health disparities and outcomesHealth and Well-being StudiesResilience and Mental Health

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The Sociological Study of Stress

Pearlin, Leonard I.·1989·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

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Abstract

This paper presents a critical overview of current concepts and analytic practices in stress research and considers how they can be changed to make the research more consistent with core sociological interests. An overarching concern of the paper is the analytic use of basic information about people's social and institutional affiliations and statuses. It is important that such information be treated not simply as data that need to be controlled statistically; we must examine the bearing of these data on each domain of the stress process: the exposure to and meaning of stressors, access to stress mediators, and the psychological, physical, and behavioral manifestations of stress. The conceptualization and measurement of stressors should move away from their focus on particular events or chronic strains and should seek instead to observe and assess over time constellations of stressors made up of both events and strains. Moreover, the effects of the mediators--coping and social support--are evaluated most fruitfully in terms of their effects in limiting the number, severity, and diffusion of stressors in these constellations. Finally, sociological stress researchers should not be bound to outcomes that better serve the intellectual interests of those who work with biomedical and epidemiological models of stress, nor should the research be committed exclusively to a single outcome.

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“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
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“To interpret these paradoxical and anomalous findings, sociologists have drawn on insights from the stress process perspective (Pearlin 1989).”
Background
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“Stress process theory posits that social experiences are translated into health outcomes through exposure to social stress and one’s ability to effectively cope with stress (Pearlin et al., 1981, Pearlin, 1989).”
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“The direct influence equates the manifestation of chronic stressful experiences in terms of elevated levels of depressive symptoms (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
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“…such as work or parenting, and (c) subjective assessments of stress or burden (Aneshensel, Pearlin, Mullan, Zarit, & Whitlatch, 1995; Aranda & Knight, 1997; Goode et al., 1998; Knight & Sayegh, 2010; Pearlin, 1989; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2005; Vedhara, Shanks, Anderson, & Lightman, 2000).”
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“Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 565-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.11.007 4 stress (Pearlin, 1989).”
Influential
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“Furthermore, the stress process is influenced by the structural and situational context of a person’s life (Lazarus, 1989; Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
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“variables that may intervene in that process [32, 33].”
Background
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“All rights reserved. and/or behavioral manifestations of stress (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin, Schieman, Fazio, & Meersman, 2005).”
Background
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“The social stress model (Pearlin, 1989) is utilized as a guiding framework to test specified explanatory factors that may account for disparities in MHQOL among Hispanic LGB midlife and older adults.”
BackgroundMethod
12-Month Prevalence of Depression Among Single and Married Mothers in the 1994 National Population Health Survey
Cairney, J., Thorpe, C. F., Rietschlin, J., & Avison, W. R. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404520 · Cited by 60
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“This conceptualization is similar to that found in the theoretical perspective of Pearlin (1989), who believes that primary stressors give rise to secondary stressors in the framework of the stress process.”
BackgroundResult
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“Traditionally, the protective factors examined in stress pathways include coping mechanisms such as psychosocial resources and social support (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
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“As the literature on resilience demonstrates, the same life challenge may be internalized very differently depending on the characteristics of the individual and the social context in which s/he is embedded (Pearlin et al. 2005; Bonanno 2012; Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1989).”
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“(Mirowsky & Ross, 1989; Pearlin, 1989).”
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Applied Developmental Science
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“This argument is rooted in sociological theories regarding the social patterning of the stress process (Pearlin, 1989; 1999).”
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“One of the most influential conceptualisations of secondary stressors in this context comes from Pearlin’s ‘stress process model’.[11] Pearlin suggests that stressors do not operate in a social vacuum and focuses on the social conditions and structures that can result in caregivers’ experiences of stress though social…”
BackgroundInfluential
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“Another weakness of much of the existing research on the effectiveness of coping strategies is the use of cross-sectional designs [14].”
Background
Caring for My Abuser: Childhood Maltreatment and Caregiver Depression
Kong, J., & Moorman, S. M. (2013) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnt136 · Cited by 57
“In other words, stressors such as child abuse or neglect are associated with psychological distress (Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin et al., 1981).”
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“Although past investigations of stress have tended to emphasize discrete events, such as divorce, the stress process model also highlights chronic experiences of stress that unfold across time (Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1989; Pearlin and Bierman 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Flourishing
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“Similar to the psychological view of stress, the sociological view focuses on the three fundamental concepts of the stress process, that is, the causes of stress (stressors), the coping resources (mediators and moderators) and the outcome of stress that varies across different social conditions (Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stress, Coping, and Mental Health Differences among Homeless People
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“) and structural contexts expose them to varying levels of stressors (Pearlin 1989).”
Social—Environmental Influences on the Chronic Stress Process
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Burnout in mental health nurses: much ado about nothing?
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Social exclusion, personal control, self-regulation, and stress among substance abuse treatment clients
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Emotional Reactions to Stress Among Adolescent Boys and Girls
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The Historical Loss Scale: Longitudinal measurement equivalence and prospective links to anxiety among North American indigenous adolescents.
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“…historical loss, as assessed by the HLS, as a stressor (Walls & Whitbeck, 2012) allows scholars to draw on a rich body of sociological (e.g., Pearlin, 1989; Pearlin & Bierman, 2013) and psychological (e.g., Contrada & Baum, 2011; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Zeidner & Endler, 1996) literature…”
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“For example, the constant monitoring that comes along with such supervision may be a chronic stressor that increases feelings of depression and anxiety (Pearlin 1989).”
Background
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“Incarceration on its own constitutes a primary stressor, but once individuals are released from prison, a host of secondary stressors arise (Graffam, Shinkfield, & Lavelle, 2004; Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
Association between Role Overload and Sleep Disturbance among Dementia Caregivers: The Impact of Social Support and Social Engagement
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“The SPM suggests that RO is but one aspect of the broader concept of caregiver burden; in addition, there are financial, emotional, and social dimensions to the role of caregivers (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
The Pursuit of Socially Modifiable Contingencies in Mental Health
Turner, R. J. (2003) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/1519812 · Cited by 56
Workplace drinking climate, stress, and problem indicators: assessing the influence of teamwork (group cohesion).
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“This project is grounded in Pearlin’s (1989) medical”
Method
Neighborhood Crime Rate, Weight‐Related Behaviors, and Obesity: A Systematic Review of the Literature
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Social Structure and Psychological Functioning
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-36921-x_17 · Cited by 56
Work Stress and Women's Health: Occupational Status Effects
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“Pearlin (1989) suggested that greater vulnerability to stress exists in social roles reflecting “the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities and self-regard” (p. 245).”
Background
Variations in health status within and between socioeconomic strata
Ferrer, R. L., & Palmer, R. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2002.003251 · Cited by 55
A walk through the garden: can a visit to a botanic garden reduce stress?
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“The stress process is a model with four main components: individual factors, stressors, mediators (or coping strategies), and outcomes (Aneshensel, 1992; Pearlin, 1989).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Household Food Insecurity and Parent-to-Child Aggression
Helton, J. J., Jackson, D. B., Boutwell, B. B., & Vaughn, M. G. (2018) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559518819141 · Cited by 54
The Role of Identity Salience and Commitment in the Stress Process
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“In addition to the direct influence of role-related stress on self-esteem and mastery, social psychologists have offered theoretical insight into the relationship among role performance, identity meaning, and self-evaluation (Pearlin 1989; Rosenberg 1979; Rosenberg and Pearlin 1978).”
Background
Intersection of Stress, Social Disadvantage, and Life Course Processes: Reframing Trauma and Mental Health
Nurius, P. S., Uehara, E. S., & Zatzick, D. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15487768.2013.789688 · Cited by 54
“Mental health and mental illness are viewed as at least partially a consequence of basic aspects of social organization (Pearlin, 1989), including degree of social integration and inequality (Horwitz, 2010), reflecting complex relationships associated with social stratification, including gender, race, and life stage…”
Background
Does job stability mediate the relationship between intimate partner violence and mental health among low‐income women?
Adams, A. E., Bybee, D. I., Tolman, R. M., Sullivan, C. M., & Kennedy, A. C. (2013) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/ajop.12053 · Cited by 54
“Just as employment can have positive mental health effects, the stress process model draws attention to the negative psychological consequences of job instability (Pearlin, 1989).”
Moderators of Acculturative Stress in Pakistani Immigrants: The role of Personal and Social Resources
Jibeen, T. (2011) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.002 · Cited by 53
Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology
Pearlin, L. I. (1992) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136853 · Cited by 54
The Effect of Ambient Threats to Employment on Low Birthweight
Catalano, R. A., & Serxner, S. A. (1992) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137314 · Cited by 54
Self, Identity, Stress, and Mental Health
Thoits, P. A. (1999) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/0-387-36223-1_17 · Cited by 54
Terrorism, Distress, and Drinking
Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., & Cloninger, L. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181c29a39 · Cited by 53
“A substantial literature has elaborated this paradigm in terms of both vulnerability and protective factors moderating the linkages between stress exposure and deleterious outcomes (Pearlin, 1989; Thoits, 1995; Turner et al., 1995).”
Background
Traumatic event exposure and depression severity over time: results from a prospective cohort study in an urban area
Tracy, M., Morgenstern, H., Zivin, K., Aiello, A. E., & Galea, S. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0884-2 · Cited by 57
“A history of non-traumatic stressors and moderate to severe depression was also associated with traumatic events during follow-up, as in prior studies [34, 75, 104, 105].”
Perceptions of Risk, Stressors, and Locus of Control Influence Intentions to Practice Safety Behaviors in Agriculture
Elkind, P. D. (2008) · Journal of Agromedicine · doi:10.1080/10599240801985167 · Cited by 53
“23 Stress is related to behavioral changes and there is likely a relationship between physical or psychosocial levels of stress and behaviors that lead to agricultural injuries.”
Background
Accumulated Strain, Negative Emotions,and Crime
Botchkovar, E. V., & Broidy, L. M. (2010) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128710382346 · Cited by 57
“Although such stress contagion is often observed in the context of minor daily problems that “spill” across life domains (Pearlin, 1989; Repetti & Wood, 1997), when clustered, many chronic and acute stressors seem likely to provoke dramatic responses (see also Agnew 2006).”
Background
The Intergenerational Consequences of Mass Incarceration: Implications for Children's Co-Residence and Contact with Grandparents
Turney, K. (2014) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sou062 · Cited by 53
Teenage pregnancy and mental health beyond the postpartum period: a systematic review
Xavier, C. G., Benoit, A. C., & Brown, H. K. (2018) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209923 · Cited by 53
The Black-White Paradox Revisited: Understanding the Role of Counterbalancing Mechanisms during Adolescence
Louie, P., & Wheaton, B. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519845069 · Cited by 53
Reduced well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic – The role of working conditions
Zoch, G., Bächmann, A., & Vicari, B. (2021) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12777 · Cited by 53
“According to the stress process model (Pearlin, 1989), these increased gender inequalities involve new stressors that, against the background of disparities in resources to cope with them, should result in gender differences in well-being throughout the pandemic (Clark et al., 2020; Peck, 2020).”
Method
Coping with workplace stress: A multiple-group comparison of female managers and clerical workers.
Long, B. C. (1998) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.65 · Cited by 55
“coping process may be due to influences from the larger social context (Lennon, 1989; Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
A bi-directional theory of addiction: Examining coping and the factors related to substance relapse
Castellani, B. C., Wedgeworth, R., Wootton, E., & Rugle, L. J. (1997) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00026-3 · Cited by 53
Work and Mental Health in Social Context
Tausig, M., & Fenwick, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0625-9 · Cited by 53
Age differences in the effects of network composition on psychological distress
Peek, M. K., & Lin, N. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00139-2 · Cited by 53
Discovering pockets of complexity: Socioeconomic status, stress exposure, and the nuances of the health gradient
Schieman, S., & Koltai, J. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.023 · Cited by 53
Informal Caregiver Burden, Benefits, and Older Adult Mortality: A Survival Analysis
Pristavec, T., & Luth, E. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa001 · Cited by 56
“Given recurring daily events and exchanges between caregivers and recipients, the stress process model (Pearlin, 2010) suggests that caregivers’ negative and positive perceptions can engender stress or uplifts proliferating to recipients, shaping the latter’s health (Pearlin, 1989).”
Background
The link between food insecurity and psychological distress: The role of stress exposure and coping resources
Ciciurkaite, G., & Brown, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22741 · Cited by 52
Adolescent Mental Health
Snedker, K. A., & Herting, J. R. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13512335 · Cited by 52
Physical health and crime among low-income urban women: An application of general strain theory
Schroeder, R. D., Hill, T. D., Haynes, S. H., & Bradley, C. (2010) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.09.009 · Cited by 52
Are Small Schools and Private Schools Better for Adolescents' Emotional Adjustment?
Watt, T. T. (2003) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/1519870 · Cited by 52
Do Frustrated Economic Expectations and Objective Economic Inequity Promote Crime?
Rebellon, C. J., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Thaxton, S. (2009) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370808098105 · Cited by 54
“Second, GST draws on the equity/justice and stress literatures (Adams 1963; Hegtvedt 1990; Pearlin 1989) to suggest that strain results not only from unrealized aspirations, but also from unrealized expectations, perceived injustice, the removal of positively valued stimuli, and the imposition of noxious stimuli.”
Background
After Moving to Opportunity
Turney, K., Kissane, R. J., & Edin, K. J. (2012) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/2156869312464789 · Cited by 52
Childhood physical maltreatment, perceived social isolation, and internalizing symptoms: a longitudinal, three-wave, population-based study
Sheikh, M. A. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1090-z · Cited by 55
“mitigate the psychological impact of childhood physical maltreatment on internalizing symptoms by attenuating 316 the stress appraisal response [66,67].”
Background
Measuring More Than Exposure: Does Stress Appraisal Matter for Black–White Differences in Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults?
Brown, L., Abrams, L., Mitchell, U. A., & Ailshire, J. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa040 · Cited by 71
“Stress, therefore, has at least two measurable components: (a) exposure to the stressor and (b) the corresponding appraisal which is an evaluation of the perceived demands of the stressor and the resources or ability to cope (1,22).”
Background
Changes over Time in Physical Activity and Psychological Distress among Older Adults
Cairney, J., Faulkner, G., Veldhuizen, S., & Wade, T. J. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400304 · Cited by 52
“As with self-esteem, mastery has been shown to be an important protective factor against depression and distress.(15,21) While previous work has identified selfefficacy as a possible mediator in the PA–mental well-being relation, similar to self-esteem, the focus has been on using specific domains of control to isolat…”
Background
Family Stress During the Czech Transformation
Hraba, J., Lorenz, F. O., & Pechačová, Z. (2000) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00520.x · Cited by 52
Social Networks and Chronic Mental Illness: A Test of Four Perspectives
Rosenfield, S., & Wenzel, S. L. (1997) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/3096942 · Cited by 52

Authors: Pearlin, L. I.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Pearlin, Leonard I.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 241
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136956
OpenAlex: W1976247888
Cited by: 3,263
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 117 · 2025: 161 · 2024: 129 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 147 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 167 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 126 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 114 · 2012: 133
FWCI: 36.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Keywords: stress, stressors, stress mediators, coping, social support, social status, social affiliation, stress measurement, stress effects
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Research, Social Support, Sociology, Medical, Stress, Psychological

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